Fig. 6: Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) characteristics of AM03 and BD12 doped in 4,4’-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP) thin films.

a, c Photoluminescence (PL) intensity and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) as a function of excitation intensity for AM03:CBP (1 wt%) and BD12:CBP (5 wt%), respectively. The dashed lines indicate linear fits applied separately to the sub-threshold and above-threshold regimes, with the former obtained from linear scaling of emission intensity and the latter from a linear fit to the log–log representation of the data. The ASE threshold is determined as the intersection point of these two fitted lines. b, d Evolution of ASE spectra with increasing pump intensity, showing spectral narrowing and threshold behavior for each system. Source data are provided as a SourceData file.