Table 2 Changes in kidney function indicators and uremic toxin concentrations during the intervention period

Data^a	L. acidophilus KBL409 group (n = 34)				Placebo group (n = 30)				P-value
Data^a	Baseline	16 weeks	Change	P-value^b	Baseline	16 weeks	Change	P-value^b	P-value
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	62.03 ± 24.04	61.47 ± 25.73	−0.56 ± 7.47	0.6655	63.55 ± 24.19	60.08 ± 24.25	−3.46 ± 6.92	0.0104	0.1134^c
Urine protein (mg/dL)	224.85 ± 299.97	196.43 ± 275.60	−28.42 ± 170.81	0.3390	205.12 ± 151.92	197.28 ± 152.15	−7.84 ± 154.38	0.7828	0.8665^d
Urine creatinine (mg/dL)	113.12 ± 43.18	108.92 ± 74.62	−4.19 ± 82.55	0.7689	120.31 ± 65.42	133.97 ± 76.55	13.66 ± 76.50	0.3361	0.3429^d
UPCR (g/g)	2.02 ± 2.22	1.82 ± 1.81	−0.20 ± 1.20	0.3305	1.91 ± 1.48	1.78 ± 1.58	−0.14 ± 0.81	0.3655	0.8296^d
Serum PCS (mg/L)	4.92 ± 4.22	5.13 ± 5.50	0.21 ± 3.56	0.7324	5.98 ± 5.37	5.90 ± 5.01	−0.29 ± 3.61	0.6766	0.9605^d
Serum IS (mg/L)	0.27 ± 0.18	0.23 ± 0.17	−0.03 ± 0.08	0.0226	0.22 ± 0.16	0.22 ± 0.17	0.00 ± 0.12	0.9880	0.0329^d
Serum TMAO (μmol/L)	0.91 ± 0.91	0.91 ± 0.75	0.00 ± 0.99	1.0000	1.36 ± 1.53	1.22 ± 1.54	−0.14 ± 1.54	0.6301	0.9517^d

^aData are presented as means ± SD.
^bIntra-group comparisons were performed using a paired t-test.
^cInter-group comparisons in changes from baseline to 16 weeks were performed using a two-sample t-test.
^dInter-group comparisons in changes from baseline to 16 weeks were performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

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