Extended Data Fig. 4: Other CSF biomarkers of the neurovascular unit are not altered with CDR cognitive impairment.
From: Blood–brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction
a–c, CSF markers of glial, inflammatory, or neuronal injury exhibited no significant differences between unimpaired and impaired individuals on CDR, including S100B, IL-6, TNFα, or NSE in the combined site analysis (a) and similarly in the site-specific analysis of individuals from USC (b) and Washington University (c); supports Fig. 1a–c. The box and whisker plot lines indicate the median values, the boxes indicate the IQR, and the whiskers indicate the minimum and maximum values. Significance tests from ANCOVAs. The brackets denote the sample size (n) in each analysis.
