Extended Data Fig. 8: Effects of laser stimulation on midbrain/pontine population activity in eYFP mice.

(a) Anatomical reconstruction of electrode tracts in GAD2-Cre mice injected with AAV-DIO-eYFP (n = 4). (b) Fluorescence images showing expression of eYFP in dmM of a GAD2-Cre mouse. (c) Location of optic fibers for laser stimulation. Each colored bar represents the location of an optic fiber in a GAD2-Cre mouse (n = 4 mice). (d) Scheme illustrating Neuropixels recordings in midbrain and pons of an eYPF mouse, while providing laser stimulation in the dmM. The laser was turned on every 5 - 15 min for 60 s (10 Hz). (e) Percentage of Wake, NREM, and REM sleep before, during, and after laser stimulation, including only trials with the laser onset (t = 0 s) falling on NREM sleep. Two-way RM ANOVA comparing the mean percentage of each brain state during the 60-s laser and preceding 60-s baseline interval; interaction, F(2, 6) = 0.50, P = 0.54; n = 4 mice. Shadings, s.e.m. (f) Example recording showing hypnogram along with PC1 and PC2. Blue shadings indicate the timing of the 60-s laser trials. (g) Laser-trial averaged PC1 and PC2 activity before, during, and after laser stimulation for trials where the laser onset fell on NREM (including both successful and unsuccessful trials). Two-way RM ANOVA comparing the mean value of each PC during the laser and preceding 60-s baseline interval; interaction, P = 0.3642, F(1, 40) = 0.8425; two-sided paired t-tests (Bonferroni-corrected); baseline vs laser: PC1, P = 1, T(40) = -0.14; PC2, P = 0.27, T(40) = -1.52; n = 41 laser trials. Shadings, s.e.m. (h) Laser-induced firing rate changes for different neuron subclasses. Two-sided one-sample test (Bonferroni-corrected) for mean firing rate changes (50 s pre- vs 5 s post-laser onset); c1-c2-: P = 0.31, T(40) = -1.81; c1+c2+: P = 1, T(40) = 0.27; c1+c2-: P = 0.61, T(40) = -1.46; c1-c2+: P = 1, W = 415; n = 41 laser trials. Horizontal lines, mean; error bars, 95% CIs.

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