Figure 3
Population differentiation based on 16 microsatellite loci. (a) Principal component analysis (PCA) showing the axes 1–2 (axis 1 explaining 3.90% of the variance, axis 2 explaining 3.40%) and 1–3 (axis 3 explaining 3.09%) for the population structure of individuals. For each graph, the inset represents the eigenvalues of the axes. Individuals from each of 10 study sites are represented in different colours. (b) Results of the STRUCTURE analysis are shown for the number of populations with the best K as identified by the MedMeaK, MaxMeaK, MedMedK and MaxMedK estimators. (c) Relationship between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance for the eight study sites with more than five individuals/site. Habitats in which Kerivoula hardwickii typically occurs connect the majority of these study sites (Mantel test: r = 0.84, P < 0.001). The solid line represents a linear regression, dashed lines the 95% confidence interval (Abbreviation: Pi = individuals that roosted in pitchers, Fl = individuals that roosted in furled leaves; study sites Brunei Darussalam: L31 = Labi 31, A = Andulau, SM = Saw Mill, B = Badas, L17 = Labi 17, T = Teraja; study sites Sarawak/Malaysia: HQ = Headquarter, AP = Airport, C 5 = Camp 5, LI = Long Iman; images created by C. and M. Schöner).
