Figure 1

Complete loss of directionality, but not speed, of TIPE-deficient T cells. (a–c) Migration tracks (a) directionality (b) and speed (c) of CD4⁺ T cells from WT, Tnfaip8^−/−, Tipe2^−/−, and Tnfaip8^−/−Tipe2^−/− (DKO) mice (4 mice per group), in response to CCL21, as determined in the μ-slide migration assay. n = 25 cells per group (a); n = 30 cells for WT, 31 for Tnfaip8^−/−, 29 for Tipe2^−/− and 36 for DKO group (b,c). (d–f) Transmigration of CD4⁺ T cells from mice of the indicated genotypes (4 mice per group) (d, n = 18 samples per group), together with DKO cells transfected with the expression plasmids for TIPE2 or TIPE2 mutant (TIPE2mt) (e, n = 8 per group), or cells treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY290004 or Rac inhibitor NSC23766 (f, n = 12 per group), as determined in the transwell transmigration assay with CCL21. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments (a-c), or are pooled from three (e,f) or four experiments (d). Values are mean ± s.e.m. of n biologically independent samples (b–f). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U test (b) or Student’s t-test (c–f)).