Table 2 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of demographic, comorbid, and behavioral factors for development of idiopathic macular hole.

Overall

4,496,867

2,353

22,131,331

10.63

1. Demographic factors

Age

50–54 years

1,528,770

265

7,548,458

3.51

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

55–59 years

1,041,030

443

5,146,479

8.61

2.47 (2.12–2.87)

2.48 (2.13–2.89)

2.47 (2.12–2.87)

60–64 years

856,148

756

4,193,970

18.03

5.08 (4.41–5.84)

5.14 (4.46–5.92)

5.07 (4.40–5.85)

65–69 years

464,548

453

2,287,607

19.80

5.65 (4.86–6.58)

5.70 (4.89–6.65)

5.58 (4.78–6.52)

70–74 years

436,434

339

2,137,607

15.86

4.50 (3.83–5.28)

4.50 (3.81–5.30)

4.37 (3.70–5.16)

75–79 years

169,937

97

817,210

11.87

3.37 (2.67–4.25)

3.37 (2.66–4.27)

3.24 (2.55–4.11)

Sex

Male

2,065,240

746

10,150,307

7.35

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Female

2,431,627

1,607

11,981,024

13.41

1.80 (1.65–1.96)

1.78 (1.63–1.95)

1.70 (1.50–1.93)

Income

Q1 (lowest)

938,554

483

4,637,207

10.42

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Q2

820,656

375

4,056,398

9.24

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

Q3

1,042,339

535

5,140,685

10.41

1.01 (0.90–1.15)

1.01 (0.90–1.15)

1.01 (0.89–1.14)

Q4 (highest)

1,695,318

960

8,297,042

11.57

1.19 (1.06–1.32)

1.18 (1.06–1.32)

1.17 (1.05–1.30)

2. Systemic comorbidities

Hypertension

No

2,955,357

1,448

14,555,862

9.95

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1,541,510

905

7,575,469

11.95

0.94 (0.86–1.02)

0.93 (0.85–1.01)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

Dyslipidemia

No

3,141,123

1,513

15,464,274

9.78

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1,355,744

840

6,667,057

12.60

1.05 (0.97–1.15)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

1.08 (0.99–1.18)

Stroke

No

4,439,536

2,326

21,854,521

10.64

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

57,331

27

276,810

9.75

0.74 (0.50–1.08)

0.74 (0.51–1.08)

0.73 (0.50–1.07)

Heart disease

No

4,360,107

2,259

21,466,614

10.52

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

136,760

94

664,717

14.14

1.06 (0.86–1.30)

1.07 (0.86–1.32)

1.06 (0.86–1.31)

Chronic kidney disease

No

4,273,275

2,196

21,036,488

10.44

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

223,592

157

1,094,844

14.34

0.99 (0.84–1.16)

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

3. Behavioral factors

Smoking history

Never smoked

3,004,725

1,843

14,799,836

12.45

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Past smoker

787,301

287

3,873,776

7.41

0.99 (0.90–1.10)

0.99 (0.90–1.10)

0.98 (0.89–1.09)

Current smoker

704,841

232

3,457,720

6.71

0.92 (0.83–1.05)

0.92 (0.83–1.05)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

Drinking habit

None

2,845,669

1,745

13,993,501

12.47

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Mild

1,450,016

524

7,152,259

7.33

0.94 (0.85–1.05)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.97 (0.86–1.08)

Heavy

201,182

84

985,572

8.52

1.00 (0.80–1.26)

1.02 (0.81–1.28)

1.07 (0.85–1.34)

Regular physical activity

No

3,429,801

1,782

16,870,533

10.56

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1,067,066

571

5,260,798

10.85

1.04 (0.94–1.14)

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

Body mass index

< 18.5 kg/m²

102,141

49

489,996

10.00

0.86 (0.64–1.14)

0.87 (0.65–1.16)

0.88 (0.66–1.18)

18.5 to < 23 kg/m²

1,641,839

906

8,072,792

11.22

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

23 to < 25 kg/m²

1,230,170

654

6,068,647

10.78

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.93 (0.84–1.03)

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

25 to < 30 kg/m²

1,390,748

678

6,852,873

9.89

0.84 (0.76–0.92)

0.84 (0.76–0.93)

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

≥ 30 kg/m²

131,969

66

647,023

10.20

0.80 (0.66–0.98)

0.81 (0.67–0.99)

0.80 (0.66–0.98)