Table 4 Baseline characteristics of the study subjects for Analysis 2.
Variables | Total (N = 1,735,189) | Macular hole development | |
|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 1,733,622) | Yes (N = 1567) | ||
1. Demographic factors | |||
Age, years, mean ± SD‡ | 60.92 ± 7.25 | 60.92 ± 7.25 | 62.70 ± 5.88 |
Age group, no. (%)‡ | |||
50–54 years | 416,317 (23.99) | 416,182 (24.01) | 135 (8.62) |
55–59 years | 419,626 (24.18) | 419,299 (24.19) | 327 (20.87) |
60–64 years | 401,424 (23.13) | 400,845 (23.12) | 579 (36.95) |
65–69 years | 210,769 (12.15) | 210,484 (12.14) | 285 (18.19) |
70–74 years | 206,741 (11.91) | 206,546 (11.91) | 195 (12.44) |
75–79 years | 80,312 (4.63) | 80,266 (4.63) | 46 (2.94) |
Income, no. (%)* | |||
Q1 (lowest) | 399,640 (23.03) | 399,284 (23.03) | 356 (22.72) |
Q2 | 314,892 (18.15) | 314,653 (18.15) | 239 (15.25) |
Q3 | 411,337 (23.71) | 410,956 (23.71) | 381 (24.31) |
Q4 (highest) | 609,320 (35.12) | 608,729 (35.11) | 591 (37.72) |
2. Systemic comorbidities | |||
Hypertension, no. (%) | |||
No | 1,131,954 (65.24) | 1,130,952 (65.24) | 1002 (63.94) |
Yes | 603,235 (34.76) | 602,670 (34.76) | 565 (36.06) |
Dyslipidemia, no. (%) | |||
No | 1,098,111 (63.28) | 1,097,140 (63.29) | 971 (61.97) |
Yes | 637,078 (36.72) | 636,482 (36.71) | 596 (38.03) |
Stroke, no. (%) | |||
No | 1,714,441 (98.80) | 1,712,892 (98.80) | 1,549 (98.85) |
Yes | 20,748 (1.20) | 20,730 (1.20) | 18 (1.15) |
Heart diseases, no. (%)* | |||
No | 1,683,166 (97.00) | 1,681,663 (97.00) | 1,503 (95.92) |
Yes | 52,023 (3.00) | 51,959 (3.00) | 64 (4.08) |
Chronic kidney disease, no. (%) | |||
No | 1,628,826 (93.87) | 1,627,373 (93.87) | 1,453 (92.72) |
Yes | 106,363 (6.13) | 106,249 (6.13) | 114 (7.28) |
3. Behavioral factors | |||
Smoking history, no. (%)† | |||
Never smoked | 1,677,557 (96.68) | 1,676,027 (96.68) | 1,530 (97.64) |
Past smoker | 18,764 (1.08) | 18,747 (1.08) | 17 (1.08) |
Current smoker | 38,868 (2.24) | 38,848 (2.24) | 20 (1.28) |
Drinking habit, no. (%)† | |||
None | 1,484,984 (85.58) | 1,483,604 (85.58) | 1380 (88.07) |
Mild | 236,033 (13.60) | 235,852 (13.60) | 181 (11.55) |
Heavy | 14,172 (0.82) | 14,166 (0.82) | 6 (0.38) |
Regular physical activity, no. (%) | |||
No | 1,348,872 (77.74) | 1,347,651 (77.74) | 1221 (77.92) |
Yes | 386,317 (22.26) | 385,971 (22.26) | 346 (22.08) |
Body mass index, no (%) | |||
< 18.5 kg/m2 | 40,543 (2.34) | 40,509 (2.34) | 34 (2.17) |
18.5 to < 23 kg/m2 | 669,478 (38.58) | 668,872 (38.58) | 606 (38.67) |
23 to < 25 kg/m2 | 454,396 (26.19) | 453,969 (26.19) | 427 (27.25) |
25 to < 30 kg/m2 | 508,906 (29.33) | 508,456 (29.33) | 450 (28.72) |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 61,866 (3.57) | 61,816 (3.57) | 50 (3.19) |
4. Reproductive factors | |||
Age at menarche, mean ± SD | 16.12 ± 2.02 | 16.12 ± 2.02 | 16.23 ± 2.48 |
Age at menarche in group, no. (%) | |||
< 14 years | 115,015 (6.63) | 114,923 (6.63) | 92 (5.87) |
14–15 years | 579,180 (33.38) | 578,668 (33.38) | 512 (32.67) |
16–17 years | 654,397 (37.71) | 653,803 (37.71) | 594 (37.91) |
≥ 18 years | 386,597 (22.28) | 386,228 (22.28) | 369 (23.55) |
Age at menopause, mean ± SD* | 50.70 ± 3.78 | 50.70 ± 3.78 | 50.92 ± 4.03 |
Age at menopause in group, no. (%)‡ | |||
< 45 years | 82,441 (4.75) | 82,360 (4.75) | 81 (5.170) |
45–49 years | 399,423 (23.02) | 399,083 (23.02) | 340 (21.70) |
50–54 years | 1,029,066 (59.31) | 1,028,181 (59.31) | 885 (56.48) |
≥ 55 years | 224,259 (12.92) | 223,998 (12.92) | 261 (16.66) |
Parity, no. (%)‡ | |||
Nulliparous | 31,956 (1.84) | 31,941 (1.84) | 15 (0.96) |
1 child | 152,356 (8.78) | 152,257 (8.78) | 99 (6.32) |
≥ 2 children | 1,550,877 (89.38) | 1,549,424 (89.37) | 1,453 (92.72) |
Hormone replacement therapy, no. (%)† | |||
Never used | 1,379,231 (79.49) | 1,378,017 (79.49) | 1214 (77.47) |
< 2 years | 163,134 (9.40) | 162,970 (9.40) | 164 (10.47) |
2 to < 5 years | 69,820 (4.02) | 69,757 (4.02) | 63 (4.02) |
≥ 5 years | 55,306 (3.19) | 55,232 (3.19) | 74 (4.72) |
Unknown | 67,698 (3.90) | 67,646 (3.90) | 52 (3.32) |
Oral contraceptive pill use, no. (%) | |||
Never used | 1,399,964 (80.68) | 1,398,704 (80.68) | 1260 (80.41) |
< 1 year | 155,170 (8.94) | 155,028 (8.94) | 142 (9.06) |
≥ 1 year | 98,230 (5.66) | 98,143 (5.66) | 87 (5.55) |
Unknown | 81,825 (4.72) | 81,747 (4.72) | 78 (4.98) |
