Figure 1
From: Pulsed laser-assisted additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V for in-situ grain refinement
Pulsed laser-assisted AM (PLAAM). (a) Off-axis configuration of a PLAAM system. (b) The pulsed laser induces shock waves, cavitation, and accelerated Marangoni flow inside the melt pool, providing a favorable environment for grain refinement.
