Table 3 Odds ratios of exceeding the reference values for cadmium by regions.

From: Association between levels of exposure to heavy metals and renal function indicators of residents in environmentally vulnerable areas

 

Model 1

Model 2

OR (95% CI)

p value

OR (95% CI)

p value

Blood Cd

(μg/L)

    

Low-exposure abandoned metal mine

5.89 (1.26, 27.63)

0.024

5.42 (1.14, 25.79)

0.034

High-exposure abandoned metal mine

23.11 (4.95, 107.81)

< 0.001

21.39 (4.33, 105.65)

< 0.001

Refinery

35.66 (7.94, 160.26)

< 0.001

38.29 (8.24, 177.90)

< 0.001

Control

1.00

 

1.00

 

Urinary Cd

(μg/L)

    

Low-exposure abandoned metal mine

8.46 (3.33, 21.50)

< 0.001

7.08 (2.73, 18.39)

0.041

High-exposure abandoned metal mine

6.03 (2.40, 15.17)

< 0.001

2.87 (1.05, 7.89)

< 0.001

Refinery

2.48 (1.08, 5.71)

0.032

1.82 (0.75, 4.39)

0.184

Control

1.00

 

1.00

 
  1. OR (95% CI), odds ratio (95% confidence interval); Reference value of blood Cd, 1.94 μg/L (The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2017, p95); Reference value of Urinary Cd, 1.75 μg/L (Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 3rd survey, p95).
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for gender, age, and smoking.
  3. Model 2: Adjusted for gender, age, smoking, period of residence, alcohol drinking, intake of locally grown rice.
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