Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the fall and nonfall groups (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Age, y

75.6 (8.3)

71.1 (9.7)

0.13

Women, No. %

11 (78.6)

31 (88.6)

Men, No. %

3 (21.4)

4 (11.4)

Height, cm

162.8 (8.0)

162.5 (9.8)

0.90

Weight, kg

65.2 (14.5)

62.36 (15.1)

0.55

BMI, kg/m²

24.9 (6.0)

23.5 (4.3)

0.35

Medications, No

5.57 (3.30)

3.50 (3.28)

0.05*

Total serum calcium, mg/dL

(Reference range: 8.6–10.3 mg/dL)

9.37 (0.4)

9.67 (0.3)

0.01*

PTH, pg/mL

(Reference range: 11–51 pg/mL)

79.14 (48.7)

40.23 (19.0)

0.002**

Albumin, g/dL

(Reference range: 3.4–5.4 g/dL)

4.27 (0.33)

4.46 (0.28)

0.05*

Creatinine, mg/dL

(Reference range: 0.6–1.3 mg/dL)

1.54 (2.2)

0.84 (0.21)

0.08

Vitamin D, ng/mL

(Reference range: 25–80 ng/mL)

42.42 (15.34)

44.47 (13.60)

0.67

Dynamic physical activity level, %

8.36 (5.16)

17.56 (9.25)

0.002**

Sway area (cm²)

13.89 (14.90)

9.63 (11.04)

0.031*

Sway path length (cm)

36.17 (13.51)

30.69 (19.26)

0.053

Sway velocity (cm/s)

6.24 (2.33)

5.29 (3.32)

0.053

Dynamic stability, Lyapunov exponent (λ)

1.96 (0.21)

1.66 (0.08)

< 0.001***

Gait velocity (m/s)

0.79 (0.16)

0.96 (0.22)

0.012*