Table 2 Estimated risk ratio (RR) for factors that significantly associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths, during wave-I and wave-II, India, February 2020 to August 2021.

From: Spatio-temporal epidemiology and associated indicators of COVID-19 (wave-I and II) in India

Variables

Cases

Deaths

Wave-I

Wave-II

Total wave

Wave-I

Wave-II

Total wave

RR

P value

RR

P value

RR

P value

RR

P value

RR

P value

RR

P value

Wealth index

3.854

0.000*

3.35

0.000*

3.577

0.000*

3.731

0.001*

2.434

0.017*

2.477

0.003*

Literacy rate (%)

–

–

1.027

0.000*

1.021

0.000*

1.027

0.000*

1.037

0.000*

1.04

0.000*

Other workers’ rate (%)

1.021

0.064

–

–

–

–

1.026

0.042*

–

–

–

–

Minimum temperature (℃)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.998

0.871

–

–

–

–

Wind speed (km/h)

–

–

0.771

0.043*

0.779

0.046*

–

–

0.733

0.022*

0.78

0.054

Rainfall (mm)

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

0.049*

–

–

–

 

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

0.991

0.000*

0.987

0.000*

0.987

0.000*

0.991

0.000*

0.99

0.003*

0.991

0.001*

Health services (%)

1.005

0.023*

1.004

0.051

1.005

0.021*

1.007

0.002*

1.005

0.025*

1.006

0.011*

Alcohol men (%)

1.014

0.000*

1.017

0.000*

1.018

0.000*

–

–

–

–

–

–

Alcohol women (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.942

0.186

–

–

Tobacco men (%)

0.981

0.000*

0.99

0.017*

0.99

0.011*

0.984

0.016*

0.982

0.002*

0.974

0.000*

Tobacco women (%)

1.019

0.001*

–

–

–

–

1.017

0.006*

1.01

0.102

1.015

0.006*

High blood glucose (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.933

0.000*

0.959

0.001*

0.963

0.001*

High blood pressure (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

1.012

0.26

1.017

0.083

  

Overweight/Obesity women (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

1.02

0.007*

–

–

–

–

Anemia women (%)

1.007

0.048*

–

–

–

–

1.006

0.178

–

–

–

–

  1. *Statistical significance at P < 0.05
  2. “–” Variables not found significant by the model.
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