Table 3 Fruit injury level (mean % ± SE) in orchards managed with different treatments during 2021 and 2022.

From: Laboratory and field efficacy of natural products against the invasive pest Halyomorpha halys and side effects on the biocontrol agent Trissolcus japonicus

Year, location

Treatment

Fruit injury (mean % ± SE)

  

29 Jun

20 Jul

02 Aug

2021, Orchard A

Diatomaceous earth

33.31 ± 2.37 a

40.18 ± 1.26 b

44.82 ± 1.25 b

Akanthomyces muscarius Ve6

27.56 ± 0.91 b

32.59 ± 1.30 c

36.94 ± 2.05 c

Beauveria bassiana GHA

26.28 ± 1.07 b

35.01 ± 1.82 c

39.89 ± 1.66 bc

Water

34.27 ± 1.33 a

51.08 ± 0.48 a

62.46 ± 1.39 a

 

F(3,12) = 7.10, P = 0.0053

F(3,12) = 37.18, P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 48.41, P < 0.0001

  

02 Jul

23 Jul

05 Sep

2021, Orchard B

Acetamiprid

8.81 ± 1.73 c

13.08 ± 3.13 b

17.74 ± 1.73 c

Diatomaceous earth

11.83 ± 1.09 bc

15.51 ± 0.93 b

19.08 ± 2.16 bc

Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040

13.11 ± 1.06 b

16.26 ± 1.00 b

23,23 ± 1,18 b

Water

31.57 ± 1.43 a

35.63 ± 0.59 a

48.45 ± 0.30 a

 

F(3,12) = 42.05 P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 23.28, P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 68.58, P < 0.0001

  

02 Jul

23 Jul

05 Sep

2021, Orchard C

Acetamiprid

11.69 ± 1.06 c

13.21 ± 2.09 c

30.55 ± 2.43 c

Diatomaceous earth

33.08 ± 0.38 b

36.94 ± 1.26 b

40.08 ± 1.57 b

Beauveria bassiana GHA

36.44 ± 1.36 b

37.87 ± 0.57 b

45.82 ± 1.05 b

Water

41.92 ± 0.66 a

50.62 ± 0.09 a

60.8 ± 3.01 a

 

F(3,12) = 179.35, P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 101.92, P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 33.20, P < 0.0001

  

11 Jul

16 Aug

02 Sep

2022, Orchard B

Acetamiprid

5.21 ± 0.34 a

7.78 ± 0.88 bc

9.97 ± 1.01 b

Calcium polysulfide + Diatomaceous earth

1.72 ± 0.25 b

11.08 ± 1.04 b

12.16 ± 1.12 b

Sulphur type 2 + Diatomaceous earth

4.96 ± 0.59 a

6.31 ± 0.95 c

8.15 ± 0.87 b

Water

4.8 ± 0.84 a

29.66 ± 2.87 a

30.88 ± 3.55 a

 

F(3,12) = 11.87, P = 0.0007

F(3,12) = 45.07, P < 0.0001

F(3,12) = 31.92, P < 0.0001

  

11 Jul

16 Aug

02 Sep

2022, Orchard C

Acetamiprid + Diatomaceous earth

4.14 ± 0.28 a

4.95 ± 0.73 a

5.99 ± 0.52 a

Calcium polysulfide + Diatomaceous earth

1.96 ± 0.68 b

3.53 ± 0.29 ab

4.53 ± 0.46 ab

Sulphur type 2 + Diatomaceous earth

1.90 ± 0.30 b

2.65 ± 0.56 b

3.09 ± 0.82 b

 

F(2,9) = 5.80, P = 0.024

F(2,9) = 4.36, P = 0.048

F(2,9) = 4.91, P = 0.036

  1. For each year and location, means followed by different letters are significantly different according to linear models followed by multiple comparisons procedure.
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