Table 24 Ablation Study Results (Average of 30 Independent Runs).

From: Investigating the impact of electric vehicles on increasing the reliability of the distribution system using the enhanced gray wolf evolutionary algorithm model

Algorithm Variant

Best Fitness (Mean)

Std. Dev.

Convergence Iterations

Feasibility Rate

Final DIV

EGWOA (Full)

2.851

0.009

251.3

100%

0.087

w/o Chaotic Init.

2.869

0.015

265.7

100%

0.082

w/o Adaptive Mutation

2.892

0.021

278.4

97%

0.071

w/o Lévy Flight

2.908

0.018

271.2

100%

0.075

w/o Opposition-Based Learning

2.877

0.013

259.1

100%

0.080

w/o Local Search

2.899

0.020

280.9

100%

0.089

Standard GWO

3.524

0.142

300 (max)

100%

0.041

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