Fig. 2: Evolution and asymmetry of ecosystems and climate over Europe in CESM. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 2: Evolution and asymmetry of ecosystems and climate over Europe in CESM.

From: Fast reduction of Atlantic SST threatens Europe-wide gross primary productivity under positive and negative CO2 emissions

Fig. 2: Evolution and asymmetry of ecosystems and climate over Europe in CESM.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Time series of atmospheric CO2 concentration (a, black), 2 m temperature (a, red), precipitation (b), total soil moisture within the top 1 m (c), GPP (d) averaged over Europe (10°W-40°E, 35°N-70°N), and SST (e, °C) averaged over the North Atlantic Ocean (50°W-20°W, 40°N-60°N, red box in Fig. 2j) during the ramp up (2001-2140) and ramp-down (2141-2280) phases based on the present-day simulation for 200 years. Time series of AMOC (e, maximum values at 26°N, black) during the ramp-up and the ramp-down phases. Eleven-year running mean data are used, and shading represents one standard deviation from the ensemble simulations. A thick line shows ensemble mean data, and dashed line represents zero. The vertical gray line represents the end of ramp-up periods (2140). f–j Differences in accumulated 2 m temperature (f), precipitation (g), soil moisture (h), GPP (i), and SST (j) between the ramp-up and ramp-down phases. Negative values indicate a deficit of accumulated climate variables during the ramp-down phase compared to those during the ramp-up phase. Ensemble mean data are used for the analysis. Dotted areas represent a 95% significant level.

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