Fig. 4: Hysteresis of GPP and AMOC corresponding to CO2 concentration.

Hysteresis of GPP change over Europe (10°W-40°E, 35°N-70°N) based on the present-day simulation for 200 years (a) and AMOC (b) corresponding to CO2 concentration, respectively. Black line is the ensemble means. Dots indicate full ensemble spread during the ramp-up (pink), ramp-down (blue), and restoring phases (green), respectively. All lines and dots denote annual means smoothed by the eleven-year running mean.