Fig. 3: Residential electricity carbon intensity across different residential communities.

Distinguished by construction era, building height and internal conditions, four typical communities were studied: The Low-aging Community with pre-1980s buildings (Baijiatuan Village), the Middle-aging Community with 1980s and 1990s buildings (Youyi Community), the High-Rise Community with Green Space and post-2000s buildings (Tiantongyuan Community) and the High-Rise Community with post-2000s buildings (Taiyanggongyuan Community). The location of the four communities in Beijing was presented in supplementary Fig. 9. a The street and satellite images of the four studied residential communities. The community name and its average floor were written above. The street and satellite images are freely available to the public (https://map.baidu.com). b The 3D bar chart of construction eras. c The 3D bar chart of RECE. d The 3D bar chart of RECI.