Table 1 Correlations between the oxygen isotope record and available observational records from 1983 to 2013.

From: Rapid 20th century warming reverses 900-year cooling in the Gulf of Maine

Instrumental dataset

12-month period of maximum covariancea

Pearson correlation coefficient

Boothbay harbor

November-October(+1)

−0.61 to −0.52

EN4 surface

July(+1)-June(+2)

−0.55 to −0.50

EN4 35 m

October(+1)-September(+2)

−0.69 to −0.49

ERSST

October(+1)-September(+2)

−0.69 to −0.50

HadISST

August(+1)-July(+2)

−0.57 to −0.50

OISST

September(+1)-August(+2)

−0.70 to −0.52

  1. Largest correlation coefficients between the oxygen isotope record presented in this study and various instrumental datasets (see the Methods section for a detailed description of each dataset). Correlations were calculated for the period 1983–2013, which is the period of overlap amongst all the instrumental records and the oxygen isotope dataset. Correlations were assessed over a range of 12-month periods starting with January of the year before the oxygen isotope data and ending with the 12-month period starting with December of the year after the oxygen isotope data. The range of correlation coefficients reported were all of those that were statistically significant (p < 0.05) after accounting for autocorrelation using AR(1) modeling.
  2. aNumber in parentheses is lead/lag of instrumental record, with + indicating that the instrumental temperature record is lagging the oxygen isotope record in years.
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