Fig. 2: Early evolution of volcanic plume during 17-19 January 2022 (D + 2 – D + 4).
From: Global perturbation of stratospheric water and aerosol burden by Hunga eruption
a–c Longitude-altitude section of MLS V4 maximum water vapour mixing ratio (WVMR) between 30° S–10° S on the respective day. Black points indicate the ice cloud top height on the day of eruption (D0). The white curve represents zonally-averaged ECMWF zonal wind profile. Black contours mark the areas where OMPS-LP detected aerosol layers with extinction ratio above 5. Diamonds and circles mark the detection of WVMR enhancements above 50 ppmv respectively by SAGE III and meteorological Vaisala RS41 radiosoundings. d–f Geographical extent of the hydrated plume within the 20–35 km layer reconstructed from MLS detections of WVMR > 50 ppmv (black circles) and COSMIC-2 refractivity anomalies indicative of hydrated layers (squares). The magenta color map shows the cumulative number of MLS and COSMIC-2 detections per million km2 (computed using 3°×3° cells) on the given day. Locations of the Australian radiosounding stations are shown as green circles, the stations marked red represent the radiosonde detections of WVMR enhancements. g–i Radiosonde profiles bearing WVMR enhancements above 50 ppmv on the respective day (from 00:00 to 24:00 UTC) and corresponding saturation mixing ratio profiles in black.
