Fig. 1: Observed climatology of surface air temperature, along with bias in ERA5 and the CMIP6 ensemble mean over the Arctic sea ice. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 1: Observed climatology of surface air temperature, along with bias in ERA5 and the CMIP6 ensemble mean over the Arctic sea ice.

From: Cooler Arctic surface temperatures simulated by climate models are closer to satellite-based data than the ERA5 reanalysis

Fig. 1: Observed climatology of surface air temperature, along with bias in ERA5 and the CMIP6 ensemble mean over the Arctic sea ice.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a The 20-year mean satellite-derived \({T}_{2{{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}}}^{({{{{{{{\rm{SAT}}}}}}}})}\) over sea ice (SIC > 15%) for the period 1995–2014 (see Methods). The climatological mean difference of surface air temperature from (b) ERA5 \({T}_{2{{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}}}^{({{{{{{{\rm{ERA}}}}}}}}5)}\) and (c) the CMIP6 ensemble mean \({T}_{2{{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}}}^{({{{{{{{\rm{CMIP}}}}}}}}6)}\) versus \({T}_{2{{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}}}^{({{{{{{{\rm{SAT}}}}}}}})}\) for the same period. The maps are bounded at 58 °N with the dashed line marking 66.5 °N. The red line in a indicates the observed SIC ≥70% (SIC70) averaged over 1995–2014. Units: °C.

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