Fig. 4: Feeding history and lipid composition of C. hyperboreus sampled in shallow versus deep waters of the CAO in late summer (MOSAiC, Aug.–Sep. 2020). | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Feeding history and lipid composition of C. hyperboreus sampled in shallow versus deep waters of the CAO in late summer (MOSAiC, Aug.–Sep. 2020).

From: Seasonal vertical migration of large polar copepods reinterpreted as a dispersal mechanism throughout the water column

Fig. 4: Feeding history and lipid composition of C. hyperboreus sampled in shallow versus deep waters of the CAO in late summer (MOSAiC, Aug.–Sep. 2020).The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Principal component analysis of C. hyperboreus biochemical composition. Score—(left) and loading plot (right) for adult females (AF) and copepodite stage V (CV) from six stations with five sampling strata: 50–0 m (dark blue); 200–50 m (light blue); 500–200 m (yellow); 1000–500 m (orange); 2000–1000 m (red). In the score plot, parameters are presented in colour if the median values were significantly higher at depth (red) or surface (blue) (details in Table S2). Each symbol represents a pooled sample of ~10 AF or ~20 CV. Body characteristics of AF and CV from the surface (S, blue, 50–0 m and 200–50 m, n = 10) vs. depth (D, red, 1000–500 m and 2000–1000 m, n = 12): b prosome length, c dry mass, d lipid content, e PUFA content in the polar lipids (PL, membranes, <20% of total lipids) and f PUFA content in neutral lipids (NL, wax esters, >80% of total lipids), g Calanus-produced 20:1 and 22:1 FA, h the δ13C values of the essential PUFA 20:5(n−3) and i δ13C values of the essential PUFA 22:6(n−3). Adult females (AF) and copepodite stage V (CV) were labelled with an asterisk (‘AF*’ or ‘CV*’) if they showed significant differences between specimens sampled at surface vs. depth (Mann–Whitney U-test, details in Table S2). j Differences in the δ13C values of key FA and FAlc in C. hyperboreus AF and CV from depth and the upper water column. Trophic marker fatty acids: flagellates: 18:4(n−3); 22:6(n−3); diatoms: 16:4(n−1); 20:5(n−3); PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids): 16:3(n−4), 16:4(n−1), 18:3(n−3), 18:4(n−3), 20:4(n−3), 20:5(n−3), 22:5(n−3), 22:6(n−3); 20:1 isomer: 20:1(n−11), 20:1(n−9), 20:1(n-7), 20:1(n−5); 22:1 isomer: 22:1(n−11), 22:1(n−9), 22:1(n−7). Phytosterols: epi-brassicasterol (Brass), ß-sitosterol (Sito), chalinasterol (Chalin), campesterol (Camp). The box plots show the median (central line), the upper and lower quartiles (box), the minimum and maximum 25% of scores (lower and upper whiskers) and outliers (asterisks).

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