Fig. 1: Geological setting of the Junggar Basin and sampling locations as well as stratigraphic framework of the Lucaogou Formation.
From: Volcanically driven Hg–C–S cycling and climate change across the Early Permian Artinskian warming

a The location of the Junggar Basin and the distribution of some typical volcanoes, including Tarim LIP, Qiangtang, Panjal, and Choiyoi, are shown in the Early-Middle Permian paleogeography (modified from refs. 89,90.). b Regional structural framework of the Junggar Basin26, location of Well J10025 (orange star), and distribution of key geological units (including the Turpan - Hami Basin, Santanghu Basin, and major mountain ranges) are shown. The maximum known extent of Permian lake deposits is delineated by orange dashed lines26. c Chronological framework, stratigraphy23,24, lithology, and sample depth (yellow rhombuses) of the Lucaogou Formation in Well J10025 are presented. JJZG and QZJ denote the Jingjingzigou and Quanzijie Formations.