Extended Data Fig. 6: Fast, low-energy current readout of the 2D iontronic thermometer.
From: Solid-state thermometry via ionic–electronic coupling in two-dimensional heterostructures
a) Applied pulsed top-gate waveform VTG (t) with a dwell time τd = 10 µs. b) Corresponding transfer characteristics IDS–VTG at VDS = 1 V for temperatures from 82–92 °C. c) Representative time-domain trace of IDS (t) at fixed VTG and temperature, showing stable readout over a 10-µs window with 100-ns sampling. d) Temperature dependence of the drain current IDS extracted at a fixed VTG for τmeas = 100 ns and VDS = 1 V. e) Corresponding energy per measurement E=IDS * VDS *τmeas as a function of temperature, demonstrating sub-picojoule readout over the operating range.
