Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in Nature Index journals in 2024.

The dataset for the 2025 Research Leaders includes 113,162 primary research articles from 178 natural, health, applied and social science publications.

Researchers from 30,110 institutions and collaborations contributed articles to the 2025 Research Leaders.

22,879 articles published in 32 journals and 1 conference in applied and scoial sciences were added to the Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders.

Tables

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	3183.55	10947
2	Harvard University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	1251.70	4198
3	Zhejiang University (ZJU), China	N/A	1040.62	2506
4	Tsinghua University, China	N/A	1022.43	3250
5	Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China	N/A	948.29	2600

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Leading Institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading countries/territories

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Country/territory	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	China	N/A	43075.34	49315
2	United States of America (USA)	N/A	24957.74	36135
3	Germany	N/A	5671.75	11769
4	United Kingdom (UK)	N/A	4699.65	11269
5	Japan	N/A	3570.16	6174

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Sectors

Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Harvard University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	1251.70	4198
2	Zhejiang University (ZJU), China	N/A	1040.62	2506
3	Tsinghua University, China	N/A	1022.43	3250
4	Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China	N/A	948.29	2600
5	University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China	N/A	939.75	2907

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Leading academic institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading corporate institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Roche, Switzerland	N/A	67.48	184
2	State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), China	N/A	55.19	244
3	AstraZeneca, United Kingdom (UK)	N/A	52.63	185
4	Merck & Co, United States of America (USA)	N/A	49.86	122
5	Alphabet, United States of America (USA)	N/A	44.73	101

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	3183.55	10947
2	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France	N/A	674.65	4950
3	National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States of America (USA)	N/A	440.94	1253
4	Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain	N/A	253.99	1780
5	People's Liberation Army (PLA), China	N/A	205.58	895

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Leading government institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading healthcare institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), United States of America (USA)	N/A	177.44	1115
2	Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), United States of America (USA)	N/A	174.56	1107
3	The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern Medical Center), United States of America (USA)	N/A	159.68	488
4	Mayo Clinic, United States of America (USA)	N/A	157.56	584
5	Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS), United States of America (USA)	N/A	147.12	717

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Max Planck Society, Germany	N/A	780.44	2964
2	Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Germany	N/A	663.32	3174
3	Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), China	N/A	234.23	647
4	Leibniz Association, Germany	N/A	219.83	1396
5	Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Russia	N/A	181.01	531

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Leading NPO/NGO institutions

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Green Energy

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Subject areas

Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	398.20	1301
2	Harvard University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	222.53	685
3	Max Planck Society, Germany	N/A	160.15	532
4	Zhejiang University (ZJU), China	N/A	129.75	312
5	Stanford University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	106.95	295

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Leading institutions in biological sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading institutions in chemistry

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	782.01	2600
2	University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China	N/A	332.01	813
3	Nanjing University (NJU), China	N/A	225.18	444
4	Tsinghua University, China	N/A	219.46	627
5	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China	N/A	206.76	880

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	355.30	1206
2	Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Germany	N/A	99.77	354
3	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China	N/A	92.93	461
4	Nanjing University (NJU), China	N/A	89.81	289
5	Zhejiang University (ZJU), China	N/A	73.13	158

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Leading institutions in Earth & environmental sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading institutions in health sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Harvard University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	716.76	2322
2	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	322.29	1289
3	National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States of America (USA)	N/A	283.71	866
4	Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China	N/A	254.27	667
5	Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), China	N/A	236.38	515

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	372.02	1460
2	Max Planck Society, Germany	N/A	198.28	905
3	University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China	N/A	168.65	723
4	National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Italy	N/A	165.66	828
5	French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France	N/A	163.06	1274

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Leading institutions in physical sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Leading institutions in applied sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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Position	Institution	Share 2023	Share 2024	Count 2024
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China	N/A	922.34	2963
2	Tsinghua University, China	N/A	437.20	1084
3	Zhejiang University (ZJU), China	N/A	372.82	786
4	Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China	N/A	335.94	787
5	Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), China	N/A	318.39	607

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Position	Institution	Share 2024	Share 2025	Count 2025
1	Harvard University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	55.00	161
2	Stanford University, United States of America (USA)	N/A	43.61	136
3	National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), United States of America (USA)	N/A	40.58	183
4	University of Pennsylvania (Penn), United States of America (USA)	N/A	40.57	104
5	The University of Chicago (UChicago), United States of America (USA)	N/A	37.94	98

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Leading institutions in social sciences

The 2025 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.

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