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Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

The study presents a vibration-assisted method to fabricate thin shells with tunable, spatially distributed thickness imperfections, showing that vibration mode shapes can be imprinted and controlled, significantly affecting the shells’ buckling behaviour.

Spatial transcriptomics platforms span multicellular to subcellular resolutions but lack methods to reconstruct single-cell transcriptomes across them. Here, the authors introduce STARS, a unified deep learning framework that integrates histology and transcriptomics to infer single-cell gene expression across resolutions.

Soil microbes drive ecosystem functions but are vulnerable to environmental stressors triggered by global change. This study reveals that multiple environmental stressors drive community-level restructuring of soil functional microbiomes globally.

Despite recent advances in nonperturbative harmonic generation in condensed matter, characterization of ultrafast carrier saturation dynamics remained elusive. Here, the authors provide evidence of such physics in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, a Dirac material, opening up applications in ultrafast optoelectronics.

This study reconstructs Earth’s temperature over the past 539 million years by integrating rock chemistry and climate models, showing that global temperatures remained within ~10–30 °C, challenging ideas of anomalously high early Paleozoic climates.

This study reports a paralog-selective p300 degrader with potent anti-cancer activity in hematological malignancies, demonstrating a strategy to selectively target transcriptional coactivators through protein degradation.

High-resolution satellite data enables a unique verification of national methane emissions worldwide. Global estimates are 63 Tg a⁻¹ for oil-gas, 30% higher than the UNFCCC reports due to under-reporting by four largest emitters, and 33 Tg a⁻¹ for coal, consistent with previous estimates.

Targeted protein degradation has huge potential, but phenotype-specific degradation remains a difficulty. Here, a phase-separation biomolecular condensates as an intracellular degradation agent is developed, combining antibody-guided recognition with direct proteasome recruitment to enable phenotype-selective protein clearance.

This study found COVID-19 vaccination offers added protection against reinfection in children and adolescents with prior infection but variable effectiveness across variants. Findings support vaccination benefits beyond infection-acquired immunity.

A mesoscopic fluorescence imaging platform incorporating a double-helix phase mask enables realtime 3D mapping of cerebrovascular networks and blood flow dynamics in the living mouse brain under healthy conditions and in glioma.

Synthetic cells with tardigrade protein CAHS12 mimic desiccation survival by stabilizing membranes. This study uncovers how CAHS12 preserves cell structure and suggests new applications in biomanufacturing and adaptive biointerfaces.

Polygenic risk scores vary with genetic ancestry. Here, the authors develop a framework to calibrate for genetic ancestry in these scores that leverages admixture analysis, separating out the ancestry-specific component of polygenic risk scores.

In this study, simultaneous imaging of neural and hemodynamic signals in the mouse brain under hypercapnia reveals disrupted neurovascular coupling, weakened brain connectivity, and limited reliability of BOLD signals as markers of neural activity.

Conventional spin-orbit torques are limited by symmetry. Here, the ferroelectric domain structure of multiferroic bismuth ferrite is engineered to manipulate the orientation of magnon spin current, enabling field-free type-x magnetic switching.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

Extracellular vesicles from lung epithelial cells deliver ACE2 and TMPRSS2 to recipient cells, enabling SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond receptor-expressing cells and expanding viral tropism.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

An analysis of diet-induced obesity using MouseMapper—a suite of foundation-model-based deep-learning algorithms—identifies structural alterations of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal ganglia.

Antibody mediated prevention (AMP) trials with the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 showed protection against VRC01-sensitive viruses. Here, by deep sequencing plasma samples from 172 participants of the AMP trials, the authors show a high frequency of multilineage HIV infections (38%), including coinfection with both sensitive and resistant viruses, and demonstrate that VRC01 doesn’t alter the transmission bottleneck.

How human mitochondrial ribosomes initiate translation remains elusive. Here, the authors combined biochemical reconstitution, single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, and cryo-EM approaches to define the heterogeneous pathways of human mitochondrial leaderless mRNA translation initiation.

Deep learning-based codesign enables ultrasparse, low-cost optoacoustic systems that deliver high-fidelity, ultrafast volumetric imaging in a compact, translational form.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes are established bioisosteres for phenyl rings, yet the access to single enantiomers remains challenging. Here an enantioselective copper-catalysed protoborylation is reported, enabling the synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (1,3-BCHs) via desymmetrization of bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-enes. The suitability of 1,3-BCHs as meta-benzene bioisosteres is evaluated through their incorporation into drug molecules and the assessment of their bioactivity.

Rapid methods to identify antigen-specific T cells are essential for developing targeted immunotherapies. Here the authors present a high-throughput MHC class II single-chain trimer platform for the comprehensive profiling of CD4⁺ T cells, enabling the rapid identification and characterization of virus- and tumour-specific T cell receptors (TCR) at single-cell resolution.

This study uses multi-omics approaches to dissect the roles of macrophage populations in the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. GPNMB⁺ macrophages accumulate in the portal tract in advanced disease and may have antigen-presenting capabilities.

The genomewide meta-analysis of lumbar spinal stenosis LSS identifies 73 previously unreported loci in addition to 15 known loci and highlights spinal degeneration as a key pathogenic mechanism. Overall, the findings expand knowledge of the genetic background of LSS.

\({\rm{Micro}}{\mathbb{S}}{\rm{plit}}\) is a computational unmixing method for multiplexed fluorescence imaging of up to four structures per imaging channel.

Using RNAi and CRISPR knockouts, the authors measured sex-specific fitness effects of recent and older genes in somatic and germline tissues of Drosophila melanogaster, revealing antagonistic selection between sexes and tissues.

The study identifies novel genetic variants linked to core cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s Disease biomarkers using a genome-wide analysis, showing how endophenotypes can identify genes and disease mechanisms not captured by case-control studies.

Disentangling intra- and inter-cellular gene programs is critical to understand tissue behavior in health and disease. Here, authors present Celcomen, a generative graph neural network that leverages causal frameworks for spatial counterfactuals to disentangle these gene programs and model tissue responses to perturbations.

Robustness checks and reproduction of analyses with existing and updated data based on 110 articles in economics and political science journals with data and code-sharing requirements found high levels of robustness and reproducibility and determined that robustness was not dependent on author characteristics or data availability.

Adaptive laboratory evolution enables cyanobacteria to tolerate fluctuating light by acquiring beneficial mutations. Key mutations improve photosystem performance or reduce light harvesting, enhancing survival under stressful light conditions.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Biallelic variants in RNU4-2 cause a recessive neurodevelopmental disorder that is phenotypically and molecularly distinct from dominant ReNU syndrome and associated with reduced RNU4-2 transcript levels, consistent with a loss-of-function mechanism.

Saturation genome editing of RNU4-2 identifies the functional and clinical impact of variants across the entire gene and delineates variants that cause a new recessive neurodevelopmental disorder distinct from ReNU syndrome.

The mechanisms driving reversible dedifferentiation events towards a drug-tolerant persister (DTP) state remain to be explored. Here, multi-omics, information-theoretic approaches and dynamic systems modelling highlight the role of the oxidative-stress–mediated NF-κB/RelA axis in driving the transition towards DTP across multiple cancer types.

Decade-long warming increased soil antibiotic-resistance genes by about 24%, enriching resistant microbes and gene transfer, driven by selection for thermal tolerance and linked traits, with implications for public health.

N-desethyl-fluornitrazene is a µ-opioid receptor agonist derived from nitazenes that has supramaximal intrinsic efficacy that produces analgesia with minimal adverse effects in rodent models.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Genomic data from snow carps reveal that the fusion of chromosomes initiates rediploidization following whole-genome duplication.

Many genetic loci that are associated with coronary artery disease lack understanding of how they contribute to the disease. Here, the authors combine summary genetic statistics with cell type-specific data of regulatory elements to prioritize candidate disease genes, including non-coding RNA genes.

Decreased brain volumes and increased NfL levels can be observed earlier than disease diagnosis in short-tandem-repeat-associated neurological diseases.

eSIG-Net is an interaction language model that predicts the effects of mutations on protein interaction.

A method is presented for library preparation for absolute quantification RNA sequencing (AQRNA-seq), offering increased sensitivity and removes primer dimer without the need for gel-purification steps.