Abstract
Inhibitory PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) domain protein (IPAS) is a dominant negative transcription factor that represses hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activity. In this study, we show that IPAS also functions as a pro-apoptotic protein through binding to pro-survival Bcl-2 family members. In a previous paper, we reported that NF-κB-dependent IPAS induction by cobalt chloride repressed the hypoxic response in PC12 cells. We found that prolonged incubation under the same conditions caused apoptosis in PC12 cells. Repression of IPAS induction protected cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of IPAS recovered cell viability. EGFP-IPAS protein was localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, with a large fraction associated with mitochondria. Mitochondrial IPAS induced mitochondria depolarization and caspase-3 activation. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that IPAS is associated with Bcl-xL, Bcl-w and Mcl-1. The association of IPAS with Bcl-xL was also observed in living cells by the FLIM-based FRET analysis, indicating direct binding between the two proteins. IPAS contributed to dysfunction of Bcl-xL by inhibiting the interaction of Bcl-xL with Bax. These results demonstrate that IPAS functions as a dual function protein involved in transcription repression and apoptosis.
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Abbreviations
- bHLH:
-
basic helix-loop-helix
- CHO:
-
Chinese hamster ovary
- CoCl2:
-
cobalt chloride
- FLIM:
-
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
- FRET:
-
fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- HEK:
-
human embryonic kidney
- HIF-1:
-
hypoxia-inducible factor 1
- HLF:
-
HIF-1α-like factor
- HRE:
-
hypoxia-response element
- IPAS:
-
inhibitory PAS domain protein
- Mcl-1V:
-
Mcl-1 variant
- PAS:
-
Per/Arnt/Sim
- PI:
-
propidium iodide
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Y Makino for the gift of mouse IPAS cDNA. We also thank K Saka, N Tajikawa and A Suzuki for technical assistance.
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Torii, S., Goto, Y., Ishizawa, T. et al. Pro-apoptotic activity of inhibitory PAS domain protein (IPAS), a negative regulator of HIF-1, through binding to pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins. Cell Death Differ 18, 1711–1725 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.47
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.47
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