Abstract
Forest ecosystems need to be sustainably managed, as they are major reservoirs of biodiversity, provide important economic resources and modulate global climate. We have a poor knowledge of populations responsible for key biomass degradation processes in forest soils and the effects of forest harvesting on these populations. Here, we investigated the effects of three timber-harvesting methods, varying in the degree of organic matter removal, on putatively hemicellulolytic bacterial and fungal populations 10 or more years after harvesting and replanting. We used stable-isotope probing to identify populations that incorporated 13C from labeled hemicellulose, analyzing 13C-enriched phospholipid fatty acids, bacterial 16 S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions. In soil microcosms, we identified 104 bacterial and 52 fungal hemicellulolytic operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Several of these OTUs are affiliated with taxa not previously reported to degrade hemicellulose, including the bacterial genera Methylibium, Pelomonas and Rhodoferax, and the fungal genera Cladosporium, Pseudeurotiaceae, Capronia, Xenopolyscytalum and Venturia. The effect of harvesting on hemicellulolytic populations was evaluated based on in situ bacterial and fungal OTUs. Harvesting treatments had significant but modest long-term effects on relative abundances of hemicellulolytic populations, which differed in strength between two ecozones and between soil layers. For soils incubated in microcosms, prior harvesting treatments did not affect the rate of incorporation of hemicellulose carbon into microbial biomass. In six ecozones across North America, distributions of the bacterial hemicellulolytic OTUs were similar, whereas distributions of fungal ones differed. Our work demonstrates that diverse taxa in soil are hemicellulolytic, many of which are differentially affected by the impact of harvesting on environmental conditions. However, the hemicellulolytic capacity of soil communities appears resilient.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from Genome Canada and Genome BC. Kendra R Maas was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Tula foundation and Roland C Wilhelm was supported by the Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank participants of the LTSP Study, including S Berch, C Bulmer, MD Busse, WK Chapman, RL Fleming, PW Hazlett, G Hope, JM Kranabetter, DM Morris, DA Scott, K Webster, for access to field sites, assistance sampling and soil data. We thank Larisa McNeil for soil processing and DNA extractions. We thank Pedro Dimitriu and Erick Cardenas for helpful discussions during data analysis. We also thank the contribution of scientists at the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montreal, Canada for their 454 pyrosequencing service.
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Leung, H., Maas, K., Wilhelm, R. et al. Long-term effects of timber harvesting on hemicellulolytic microbial populations in coniferous forest soils. ISME J 10, 363–375 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.118
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.118
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