Abstract
“Nature has provided, in the white corpuscles as you call them—in the phagocytes as we call them—a natural means of devouring and destroying all disease germs. There is at bottom only one genuinely scientific treatment for all diseases, and that is to stimulate the phagocytes.” So opined B.B. in G.B. Shaw's The Doctor's Dilemma1 in a dramatic restatement of a key portion of Ilya Metchnikoff's Nobel Prize address: “Whenever the organism enjoys immunity, the introduction of infectious microbes is followed by the accumulation of mobile cells, of white corpuscles of the blood in particular which absorb the microbes and destroy them. The white corpuscles and the other cells capable of doing this have been designated 'phagocytes,' (i.e., devouring cells) and the whole function that ensures immunity has been given the name of 'phagocytosis'”2. Based on these insights into the foundation of resistance to infectious disease, Metchnikoff was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Paul Ehrlich (Fig. 1). Although both were cited for discoveries in immunity, the contributions of the two men seem worlds apart. Ehrlich's studies did not deal with generic responses to infection, but rather with the highly specific nature of antibodies and their relationship to the cells producing them: “As the cell receptor is obviously preformed, and the artificially produced antitoxin only the consequence, i.e. secondary, one can hardly fail to assume that the antitoxin is nothing else but discharged components of the cell, namely receptors discharged in excess”3. But biological systems are just that—systems—and the parts need to work together. And so we arrive, a century later, at an appreciation for just how intimately related these two seemingly disparate aspects of host defense really are.
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Paul Erlich (left) and Ilya Metchnikoff (right), winners of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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Acknowledgements
I am grateful to my many colleagues who willingly suggested their “Top Ten” recent immunology research advances. However, not all the important discoveries of the last 10 years can be dealt with in this limited space and it is inevitable that there will be disagreement with what I have chosen to emphasize. The responsibility for these selections is mine. To those who see either major omissions or excess attention to one topic or another, or who find the citations imperfect, I apologize in advance, offering only the excuse that what I have written represents a good faith attempt to highlight the principal accomplishments of the field during this period and to give as much credit as possible within the limits of this article.
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Germain, R. An innately interesting decade of research in immunology. Nat Med 10, 1307–1320 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1159
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1159
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