Formation of granular jets observed by high-speed X-ray radiography

Abstract

When a heavy sphere is dropped onto a bed of loose, fine sand, a remarkable phenomenon occurs: a large, focused jet of sand shoots upwards^1,2,3,4. Although similar looking jets are observed on impact in fluid systems^5,6,7, they are held together by surface tension. Surprisingly, the granular jet exists in the absence of both surface tension and cohesion, thus fluid jet models are of limited use. Previous work^1,2 proposed that the jet is created solely by the gravity-driven collapse of a void left by the sphere’s descent through the pack. Here we present experimental evidence that granular jets are instead driven by a more complex process involving the interaction between the sand and interstitial air. Using high-speed X-ray radiography, and high-speed digital video, we observe the formation of the jet both inside and above the bed. We find that what previously was thought of as a single jet in fact consists of two components: a wispy, thin jet that varies little with pressure followed by a thick air-pressure-driven jet. This is further evidence that qualitatively new phenomena in granular systems can emerge as a function of air pressure^8,9,10,11. Our results highlight the importance of the dynamic coupling between gas and granule motion.