Abstract
The ability to drive a system with an external input is a fundamental aspect of light–matter interaction. The key concept in many photonic applications is the ‘critical coupling’ condition1,2: at criticality, all the energy fed to the system is dissipated within the system itself. Although this idea was crucial to enhance the efficiency of many devices, it was never considered in the context of systems operating in a non-perturbative regime. In this so-called strong-coupling regime, the matter and light degrees of freedom are mixed into dressed states, leading to new eigenstates called polaritons3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Here we demonstrate that the strong-coupling regime and the critical coupling condition can coexist; in such a strong critical coupling situation, all the incoming energy is converted into polaritons. A general semiclassical theory reveals that such a situation corresponds to a special curve in the phase diagram of the coupled light–matter oscillators. In the case of a system with two radiating ports, the phenomenology shown is that of coherent perfect absorption (CPA; refs 11, 12), which is then naturally understood in the framework of critical coupling. Most importantly, we experimentally verify polaritonic CPA in a semiconductor-based intersubband-polariton photonic crystal resonator. This result opens new avenues in polariton physics, making it possible to control the pumping efficiency of a system independent of the energy exchange rate between the electromagnetic field and the material transition.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank G. Scamarcio and M. Liscidini for several fruitful interactions and discussions, E. Zanotto for providing us the loudspeaker actuator, and V. Spagnolo for valuable support with the laser source. This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministry for Economic Development through the Teragraph project and by the European Research Council through the Advanced Grant SoulMan. R.C. acknowledges partial support from the ERC GEM grant (Grant Agreement No. 306661).
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S.Z., F.P.M. and F.B. performed the experiment, G.B. grew the sample, S.Z., F.P.M., F.B., L.B., R.C. and A.T. analysed the data, S.Z., G.B., L.B., M.S.V., L.S., R.C. and A.T. devised the experiment, L.S., R.C. and A.T. coordinated the project. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
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Zanotto, S., Mezzapesa, F., Bianco, F. et al. Perfect energy-feeding into strongly coupled systems and interferometric control of polariton absorption. Nature Phys 10, 830–834 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3106
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3106
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