Abstract
The extraordinary strength, stiffness1 and lightness of graphene have generated great expectations of its application in flexible electronics and as a mechanical reinforcement agent. However, the presence of lattice defects, unavoidable in sheets obtained by scalable routes, might degrade its mechanical properties2,3. Here we report a systematic study on the elastic modulus and strength of graphene with a controlled density of defects. Counter-intuitively, the in-plane Young’s modulus increases with increasing defect density up to almost twice the initial value for a vacancy content of ∼0.2%. For a higher density of vacancies, the elastic modulus decreases with defect inclusions. The initial increase in Young’s modulus is explained in terms of a dependence of the elastic coefficients on the momentum of flexural modes predicted for two-dimensional membranes4,5. In contrast, the fracture strength decreases with defect density according to standard fracture continuum models. These quantitative structure–property relationships, measured in atmospheric conditions, are of fundamental and technological relevance and provide guidance for applications in which graphene mechanics represents a disruptive improvement.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by MAT2013-46753-C2-2-P, Consolider CSD2010-0024, FIS2011-23713 and the European Research Council Advanced Grant, #290846. We acknowledge technical support from A. Aranda, C. Salgado and A. del Campo, and fruitful discussions with M. Jaafar, A. K. Geim, R. Perez, F. Yndurain and J. Soler.
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C.G-N. and J.G-H. devised the experiments. G.L-P. performed the experiments. G.L-P., C.G-N. and J.G-H. analysed the data. F.P-M. prepared the substrates. C.G-N. and J.G-H. wrote the manuscript. V.P., M.I.K. and F.G. formulated the theoretical model. All authors participated in discussions.
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López-Polín, G., Gómez-Navarro, C., Parente, V. et al. Increasing the elastic modulus of graphene by controlled defect creation. Nature Phys 11, 26–31 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3183
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3183
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