Researchers have identified the determinants of adverse upper and lower urinary tract outcomes in adults with spinal dysraphism, in an attempt to identify which patients require annual urodynamic studies. In a cohort of 120 adults with spinal dysraphism, they found that patients who were asymptomatic and not wheelchair-bound were unlikely to demonstrate high end-filling pressure, poor compliance and high detrusor leak point pressure. They suggest that annual urodynamic investigation is unnecessary in these patients.