Fig. 1: General layout of the Great Pyramid’s internal structure and physics of a counter-weight sliding down a sliding-ramp with the characteristics of the Grand Gallery and the Ascending Passage.

a Side-view (North–South) of the Great Pyramid with internal structures, i.e., King’s Chamber, Queen’s Chamber, Grand Gallery, Ascending Passage, Descending Passage, Horizontal Passage, Subterranean Chamber, as labeled. Recently discovered structures, i.e., Scan Pyramids’ big void (proposed, gray dashed lines) and Scan Pyramids’ north face corridor (confirmed), are also labeled. Note, Grand Gallery and Ascending Passage form a continuous sliding-ramp. Inset: Schematic of forces related to a hanging block and a block on an inclination of ~26.5° (see main text, Movie S1). b Top-view of the Great Pyramid with internal structures, i.e., King’s Chamber, Queen’s Chamber, Grand Gallery, Ascending Passage. Note that the Grand Gallery and Ascending Passage are in a continuous straight line. Note the concentration, but not superposition, of King’s Chamber, Antechamber and Queen’s Chamber close to the pyramid center. Black represents hollow spaces in a and b, granite structures of King’s Chamber and Antechamber are shown in gray. Inset: Arrangement of King’s Chamber (green), Antechamber (red) and Queen’s Chamber (blue) (drawing based on: Fig. 2 in Perring et al. The Pyramids of Gizeh, from Actual Survey and Admeasurement, London 1939²⁵ and Fig. 26 in Romer, The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited²). c Forces generated by a counter-weight of mass, m, in the earth’s gravitation, g, as a function of sliding-ramp slope. The Grand Gallery and Ascending Passage slope angle, ~26.5° (1 cubit over 2 cubits, 50% slope; the Descending Passage has the same slope), is indicated by the vertical dashed line, and the components of downhill-, normal- and friction-forces by the horizontal dashed lines.