Fig. 3: Total ghrelin changes after weight loss from RCTs.

N = 11 studies with 16 intervention groups (5 CR, 9 EX, 2 CREX). RE model: random effects model. The weight loss column is defined as follows.1: less than 5% weight loss; 2: 5–10% weight loss, 3: 10–15% weight loss, and 4: 15–20% weight loss. The size of the squares is proportional to the weight of the study in the meta-analysis.