Table 2 Summary of findings—direct costs, hospitalisation rates and indirect costs.

Kudel et al. [30]

2015

Physician costs (obesity class I, US$159.8) and obesity class II (US$180.34), obesity class III (US$188.14)) Hospitalisation costs (obesity class I (US$840.2), obesity class II (US$933.9), and obesity class III (US$1839.7)) Indirect cost (obesity class I (US$582), obesity class II (US$867.8) and obesity class III (US$970.2)

Hospitalisation costs were over twice as high and indirect costs were nearly double for obesity class III than for normal BMI respondents.

Bahia et al. [33]

2010

Hospitalisation costs = US$ 1566.9 million);

Ambulatory costs (medical visits, exams, procedures) = US$ 701.1 million;

Total costs = US$ 2.2 billion

Obesity attributable hospitalisation costs were higher among men, although population-attributable risk (PAR) was lower than in women. The inverse situation was seen regarding outpatient costs, with much higher PAR but lower costs among men.

de Oliveira et al. [37]

2011

Direct costs attributable to obesity, US$ 544 million The cost of morbid obesity, US$ 129.5 million;

Bariatric surgery costs in Brazil total US$ 35.11 million

The cost of morbid obesity in women was five times higher than it was in men. The highest costs attributable to morbid obesity were for ischemic heart disease and diabetes.

Pitayatienanan et al. [32]

2009

The direct health care cost attributable to obesity was estimated at US$193.3 million or 1.5% of national health expenditure.

The cost of productivity loss attributable to obesity was estimated at US$227.5 million- accounting for 54% of the total cost of obesity.

Costs associated with health care provision and costs associated with productivity loss were broadly similar.

Canella et al. [39]

2009

Monthly household expenses on medicines per capita in households with obesity was US$ 46.8

Public Sector expenses per capita (obtained in the SUS) = US$9.2 Private Sector (paid for out-of-pocket) per capita = US$37.1

Out-of-pocket expenses on medicines were always higher than the cost of medicines obtained through the public sector.

Sichieri et al. [41]

N/A

Average length of stay (days), M = 7.9; Women = 6.8

Hospitalisation rate attributable to obesity for men (37.5) and for women (130.8).

Diseases associated with obesity had a significant impact on hospitalisations and economic costs in Brazil.

Ramezankhani et al. [42]

N/A

Total number of hospitalisation/number of person-years (M = 803/9207, W = 2354/25,173

Obesity was associated with increased hospitalisation rates during long-term follow-up.

Lartey et al. [34]

2017

Female: Out of Pocket Costs = US$ 2,021.2 National Health Insurance = US$3,508 Total costs = US$5530 (95% CI: 5,493.6 to 5568) Male, Out of Pocket costs = US$1,801 (1785-1814.5) National Health Insurance = US$3,124 (3097.6–3148)

Total costs = US$4,923 (4885 – 4963)

Obesity is associated with significantly higher healthcare costs, with these effects being higher in females.

Li et al. [31]

2015

Direct cost = US$3,774million

Indirect costs = US$203 million

Direct expense comprised the biggest constituent of total costs, accounting for more than 90% of costs, and hospitalisation was the largest driver of direct medical costs. Males had higher direct costs and higher overall disease expenses than females.

Rtveladze et al. [38]

2010 & 2050

The health care costs will double from US$12.56 billion (2010) to US$23.8 billion (2050).

Relatively small reductions in the level of BMI can lead to substantial disease reduction and cost savings for the health care system.

Rtveladze et al. [40]

2000

Costs of US$1,445.3 million are estimated for 2010, projected to increase to US$ 2.15 billion and US$ 3.04 billion in 2030 and 2,050, respectively

A 1% reduction in BMI prevalence could save US$ 43 million in healthcare costs in 2030 and US$ 85 million in 2050.

Boachie et al. [35]

2020

Total costs per patients ranges US$1,763 million to US$2,085 million

The main driver of obesity cost (approximately 91%) were coming from hypertension and diabetes.

Shi et al. [36]

2011

Annual total direct health care costs = RMB 2,050.68) Annual outpatient costs (RMB 587.68) Annual inpatient costs (RMB 302.70) Annual self-health care costs (RMB 1,160.31)

Patients with obesity had significantly higher total direct health care costs compared with the normal-weight group.