Table 1 Analytical exposure methods across cohorts.

From: Phthalates and bisphenols early-life exposure, and childhood allergic conditions: a pooled analysis of cohort studies

Cohort

Country

Exposure timing

Mean Samples/Subject

Freezing temperature

Analytical centre

Analytical method

Urine dilution variable

Time of Day Adjustmenta

Metabolites included

BISb

Australia

36 gestational weeks

1

−80 °C

QAEHS

HPLC-MS/MS with direct injection [25]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS, BPF

HOME (prenatal)b

USA

16 & 26 gestational weeks

2

−20 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

No

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA

HOME (postnatal)b

USA

1–4 years

2.8

−20 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

No

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA

AAA01c

USA

10–28 gestational weeks

2

−80 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [27]

Creatinine

Yes

BPA, BPS, BPF

AAG01c

USA

6–35 gestational weeks

2.3

−80 °C

Wadsworth Laboratory

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Creatinine

Yes

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA

AAM01c

USA

4–40 gestational weeks

2.9

−80 °C

Wadsworth Laboratory

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS, BPF

AAV01c

USA

21–34 gestational weeks

1

−80 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Creatinine

Yes

MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS

AAZ01c

USA

17–39 gestational weeks

1.9

−80 °C

Wadsworth Laboratory

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP

AAZ02c

USA

9–40 gestational weeks

1

−80 °C

Wadsworth Laboratory

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP

ABA03c

USA

14–40 gestational weeks

2.2

−80 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS, BPF

AFA01c

USA

15–19 gestational weeks

1

−80 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS, BPF

AGA01c

USA

12–38 gestational weeks

2.3

−80 °C

CDC

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [26, 27]

Specific Gravity

Yes

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCPP, BPA, BPS, BPF

CHILD

Canada

3-month, 1 year, 3-year

2.4

−80 °C

AXYS Analytical Services Inc

SPE- HPLC-MS/MS [28]

Specific Gravity

No

MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MCPP

  1. aAdjustment for time of day at urine collection.
  2. bMEHP not included due to external contamination.
  3. cECHO-wide cohorts.
  4. BBzP Butyl Benzyl Phthalate, BIS Barwon Infant Study, BPA Bisphenol A, BPF Bisphenol F, BPS Bisphenol S, CDC Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, HPLC-MS High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, MECPP Mono-Ethylcarboxypentyl Phthalate, MEHP Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate, MEHHP Mono-Ethylhydroxyhexyl Phthalate, MEOHP Mono-Ethyloxohexyl Phthalate, MEP Mono-Ethyl Phthalate, MiBP Mono-Isobutyl Phthalate, MMP Mono-Methyl Phthalate, MnBP Mono-Butyl Phthalate, MBzP Mono-Benzyl Phthalate, MCPP Mono(3-carboxypropyl) Phthalate, QAEHS Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, SPE Solid-Phase Extraction.
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