Table 3 Associations between air pollution and annotated metabolites at age 4 years.

1,7-Dimethylxanthine

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*

1.20, 1.22

1.22, 1.32

6-Amino-5-formamido-1,3-dimethyluracil

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*

1.17, 1.21

1.22, 1.34

1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*

1.16, 1.25

1.20, 1.36

1-Methylxanthine

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*

1.15, 1.16

1.16, 1.27

(1,7-)Dimethyluric acid

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*

1.15, 1.19

1.15, 1.28

5-Acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*

1.12, 1.20

1.14, 1.31

1,3-Dimethyluric acid

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*

1.13, 1.18

1.13, 1.27

Methyluric acid

Nucleotide derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.15, 1.15

1.12, 1.24

2-O-Methylinosine

Nucleotide derivatives

Prior year NO_x

1.06, 1.07

1.05, 1.16

Anserine

Amino acid derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.11, 1.15

1.13, 1.19

Succinylacetone

Amino acid derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀

1.13, 1.16

1.09, 1.11

Furosine

Amino acid derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.09, 1.10

1.05, 1.07

N-Methyl-proline

Amino acid derivatives

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.12, 1.15

1.04, 1.10

Tryptophan betaine

Amino acid derivatives

Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5, NO_x*

1.09, 1.13

1.21, 1.47

cis-Urocanic acid

Amino acid derivatives

Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

0.97, 1.05

0.83, 0.86

Methyl-histidine

Amino acid derivatives

Prior year PM_2.5

1.08, 1.11

1.07, 1.14

Azelaic acid

Lipid derivatives

Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.06, 1.08

1.13, 1.19

Suberic acid

Lipid derivatives

Prior year NO_x

1.04, 1.04

1.08, 1.16

Stearic acid

Lipid derivatives

First year NO_x; Prior year NO_x

0.89, 0.94

0.86, 0.97

Panthenol

Cofactors and vitamins

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.12, 1.14

1.05, 1.12

Umbelliferone

Others

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x*; Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*

1.10, 1.23

1.29, 1.35

4-Hydroxycoumarin

Others

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.12, 1.14

1.14, 1.16

Quinic acid

Others

First year PM₁₀; Prior year PM₁₀, PM_2.5

1.10, 1.12

0.87, 0.91

Ferulic acid 4-sulfate

Others

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.13, 1.15

1.04, 1.06

2-Benzoxazolol

Others

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

1.13, 1.16

0.98, 1.01

Adipic Acid

Others

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5

1.10, 1.13

1.00, 1.06

Trimethylamine N-Oxide

Others

Prior year PM_2.5

0.94, 0.95

0.90, 0.92

2-Piperidone

Others

Prior year NO_x

0.93, 0.96

0.86, 0.92

Cyclamic acid

Xenobiotics

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x; Prior year PM₁₀*, PM_2.5*, NO_x*

0.86, 0.91

0.68, 0.74

Saccharin

Xenobiotics

First year PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x

0.86, 0.89

0.89, 0.95

Acesulfame

Xenobiotics

First year PM_2.5; Prior year PM_2.5

0.91, 0.95

0.92, 0.95

Acetaminophen

Xenobiotics

First year PM₁₀, NO_x

0.83, 0.91

1.08, 1.09