Table 1 Patient characteristics.

From: Short-term and four-year feeding and respiratory outcomes of infants with micrognathia

 

Total

Treatment Groupa

Syndromic Status

N (%) or Median (IQR)

 

Medical

MDO

Tracheostomy

p-value

Non-Syndromic

Suspected Syndromic

Confirmed Syndromic

p-value

Total

218 (100.0%)

74 (33.9%)

119 (54.6%)

25 (11.5%)

 

34 (15.6%)

95 (43.6%)

89 (40.8%)

 

Treatment Groupa

    

n/a

   

0.312

 Medical

74 (33.9%)

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

12 (35.3%)

31 (32.6%)

31 (34.8%)

 

 MDO

119 (54.6%)

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

20 (58.8%)

56 (58.9%)

43 (48.3%)

 

 Tracheostomy

25 (11.5%)

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

2 (5.9%)

8 (8.4%)

15 (16.9%)

 

Gestational Age (weeks)

38 (37–39)

39 (37–40)

38 (37–39)

37 (36–39)

0.025

38 (36–40)

39 (37–40)

38 (37–39)

0.779

Birthweight (grams)

2913 (2340–3400)

2915 (2354–3450)

2920 (2340–3319)

2810 (2330–3400)

0.697

3119 (2740–3544)

2954 (2380–3450)

2715 (2280–3280)

0.109

Sex

    

0.885

   

0.523

 Female

88 (40.4%)

31 (41.9%)

48 (40.3%)

9 (36.0%)

 

13 (38.2%)

35 (36.8%)

40 (44.9%)

 

 Male

130 (59.6%)

43 (58.1%)

71 (59.7%)

16 (64.0%)

 

21 (61.8%)

60 (63.2%)

49 (55.1%)

 

Race/Ethnicity

    

0.390

   

0.257

 Non-Hispanic White

127 (58.3%)

43 (58.1%)

69 (58.0%)

15 (60.0%)

 

21 (61.8%)

55 (57.9%)

51 (57.3%)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

22 (10.1%)

8 (10.8%)

13 (10.9%)

1 (4.0%)

 

1 (2.9%)

8 (8.4%)

13 (14.6%)

 

 Hispanic

34 (15.6%)

7 (9.5%)

21 (17.6%)

6 (24.0%)

 

3 (8.8%)

17 (17.9%)

14 (15.7%)

 

 Other/Unknown

35 (16.1%)

16 (21.6%)

16 (13.4%)

3 (12.0%)

 

9 (26.5%)

15 (15.8%)

11 (12.4%)

 

Syndromic

    

0.312

   

n/a

 Non-Syndromic

34 (15.6%)

12 (16.2%)

20 (16.8%)

2 (8.0%)

 

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

 Suspected Syndromic

95 (43.6%)

31 (41.9%)

56 (47.1%)

8 (32.0%)

 

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

 Confirmed Syndromic

89 (40.8%)

31 (41.9%)

43 (36.1%)

15 (60.0%)

 

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

Intubation Status at Birth

    

0.005

   

0.749

 No

152 (69.7%)

58 (78.4%)

81 (68.1%)

13 (52.0%)

 

24 (70.6%)

69 (72.6%)

59 (66.3%)

 

 Yes

52 (23.9%)

9 (12.2%)

31 (26.1%)

12 (48.0%)

 

7 (20.6%)

20 (21.1%)

25 (28.1%)

 

 Unknown

14 (6.4%)

7 (9.5%)

7 (5.9%)

0 (0.0%)

 

3 (8.8%)

6 (6.3%)

5 (5.6%)

 

Age at Initial Admission (days)

4 (0–24)

5 (1–22)

5 (1–33)

1 (0–6)

0.077

14 (5–39)

5 (1–25)

2 (0–10)

0.004

Source of Admission

    

0.002

   

0.012

 Clinic

24 (11.0%)

6 (8.1%)

18 (15.1%)

0 (0.0%)

 

3 (8.8%)

15 (15.8%)

6 (6.7%)

 

 Emergency Department

22 (10.1%)

14 (18.9%)

7 (5.9%)

1 (4.0%)

 

6 (17.6%)

10 (10.5%)

6 (6.7%)

 

 Outside Hospital

135 (61.9%)

43 (58.1%)

78 (65.5%)

14 (56.0%)

 

24 (70.6%)

57 (60.0%)

54 (60.7%)

 

 Special Delivery Unitb

37 (17.0%)

11 (14.9%)

16 (13.4%)

10 (40.0%)

 

1 (2.9%)

13 (13.7%)

23 (25.8%)

 

Weight at Admission (grams)

3030 (2510–3580)

3188 (2640–3800)

2955 (2530–3550)

2820 (2330–3445)

0.109

3433 (2900–3800)

3025 (2530–3570)

2865 (2370–3455)

0.022

Feeding Route at Admission

    

0.008e

   

0.420e

 Exclusively by Mouth

40 (18.3%)

22 (29.7%)

16 (13.4%)

2 (8.0%)

 

8 (23.5%)

14 (14.7%)

18 (20.2%)

 

 Partial Nasogastric Tube Feedings

22 (10.1%)

6 (8.1%)

16 (13.4%)

0 (0.0%)

 

7 (20.6%)

10 (10.5%)

5 (5.6%)

 

 Nasogastric Tube Feeding Only

63 (28.9%)

16 (21.6%)

42 (35.3%)

5 (20.0%)

 

10 (29.4%)

31 (32.6%)

22 (24.7%)

 

 Gastrostomy Tube Feeding

10 (4.6%)

2 (2.7%)

6 (5.0%)

2 (8.0%)

 

1 (2.9%)

2 (2.1%)

7 (7.9%)

 

 Nothing By Mouth

83 (38.1%)

28 (37.8%)

39 (32.8%)

16 (64.0%)

 

8 (23.5%)

38 (40.0%)

37 (41.6%)

 

Respiratory Status at Admission

    

0.001f

   

0.201f

 Room Air

97 (44.5%)

38 (51.4%)

56 (47.1%)

3 (12.0%)

 

19 (55.9%)

44 (46.3%)

34 (38.2%)

 

 NC/HFNCc

40 (18.3%)

16 (21.6%)

22 (18.5%)

2 (8.0%)

 

7 (20.6%)

18 (18.9%)

15 (16.9%)

 

 CPAP/NIMVd

27 (12.4%)

5 (6.8%)

15 (12.6%)

7 (28.0%)

 

1 (2.9%)

10 (10.5%)

16 (18.0%)

 

 Invasive Ventilation

50 (22.9%)

15 (20.3%)

26 (21.8%)

9 (36.0%)

 

5 (14.7%)

23 (24.2%)

22 (24.7%)

 

 Tracheostomy

4 (1.8%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (16.0%)

 

2 (5.9%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.2%)

 
  1. aThe categorization of MDO and tracheostomy is based on the initial surgical treatment.
  2. bSpecial Delivery Unit is the delivery unit within The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia for the delivery of neonates with prenatally diagnosed congenital defects.
  3. cStandard nasal cannula or high-flow nasal cannula.
  4. dContinuous positive airway pressure or non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
  5. eComparing feeding exclusively by mouth vs. all kinds of tube feedings.
  6. fComparing room air vs. all kinds of respiratory support.
  7. # Bonferroni correction applied (p = 0.05/9 = 0.0056) to patient characteristics separately for treatment group and syndromic status.
  8. ## Bonferroni correction for feeding route and respiratoy status at admission, discharge, and follow-up were grouped together (p = 0.05/6 = 0.0083, separately for treatment group and syndromic status).
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