Fig. 3: Survival, ECMO utilization, CDH repair, and length of stay compared across epochs.

Survival (A), ECMO utilization (B), CDH repair (C) and length of stay (D). Survival improved significantly over time (A), from 71% (2008–2013) to 82% (2014–2018) and 83% (2019–2023), p = 0.02 for trend. There was no difference in ECMO utilization over time (B) but there was a significant increase in CDH repair (C), p < 0.001.