Table 2 Summary of findings of short-term (before 40 weeks’ post menstrual age or discharge from neonatal intensive care unit) and long-term (after 40 weeks’ postmenstrual age or from follow up to outpatient clinic after discharge) outcomes between the high-dose and low-dose vitamin D supplementation for preterm infants.
B. Long-term outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Illustrative comparative risks (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | No. of Participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
Low dose | High dose | |||||
Serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL) | The mean serum 25(OH)D level in the high-dose groups was 15.62 higher (13.35 to 17.88 higher) | MD 15.62 (13.35 to 17.88) | 739 (13 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | ||
Vitamin D deficiency | 495 per 1000 | 205 per 1000 (125 to 275) | RD −0.29 (−0.37 to −0.22) | 449 (5 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate | |
Vitamin D excess | 0 per 1000 | 40 per 1000 (0 to 80) | RD 0.04 (0.00 to 0.08) | 302 (4 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Skeletal hypomineralization | 293 per 1000 | 113 per 1000 (13 to 213) | RD −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08) | 168 (4 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Weight gain velocity (g/day) | The mean weight gain velocity in the high-dose groups was 2.57 higher (1.10 to 4.04 higher) | MD 2.57 (1.10 to 4.04) | 112 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | ||
Length gain velocity (cm/wk) | The mean length gain velocity in the high-dose groups was 1.01 higher (0.22 to 1.80 higher) | MD 1.01 (0.22 to 1.80) | 112 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | ||
Head circumference gain velocity (cm/wk) | The mean head circumference gain velocity in the high-dose groups was 0.57 higher (0.13 lower to 1.02 higher) | MD 0.57 (0.13 to 1.02) | 112 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | ||
Respiratory distress syndrome | 281 per 1000 | 241 per 1000 (121 to 371) | RD −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.09) | 250 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 281 per 1000 | 261 per 1000 (171 to 351) | RD −0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07) | 316 (5 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Late-onset sepsis | 203 per 1000 | 213 per 1000 (103 to 323) | RD 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 185 (2 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low | |
Mortality | 186 per 1000 | 56 per 1000 (0 to 166) | RD −0.13 (−0.25 to −0.02) | 114 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Length of hospital stay (day) | The mean hospital day in the high-dose groups was 2.15 lower (4.60 lower to 0.30 higher) | MD −2.15 (−4.60 to 0.30) | 243 (4 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate | ||
B. Long-term outcomes | ||||||
Outcomes | Illustrative comparative risks (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | No. of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
Low dose | High dose | |||||
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | The mean 25(OH)D in the high-dose groups was 1.21 higher (4.72 lower to 7.13 higher) | MD 1.21 (−4.72 to 7.13) | 142 (4 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | ||
Vitamin D deficiency | 350 per 1000 | 120 per 1000 (0 to 300) | RD −0.23 (−0.40 to -0.05) | 80 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Vitamin D excess | 25 per 1000 | 55 per 1000 (0 to 115) | RD 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) | 80 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Bone mineral density (mg/cm2) | The mean bone mineral density in the high-dose groups was 0.33 higher (5.47 lower to 6.12 higher) | MD 0.33 (−5.47 to 6.12) | 107 (2 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low | ||
Mortality | 294 per 1000 | 164 per 1000 (0 to 374) | RD −0.13 (−0.33 to 0.08) | 64 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Cognitive impairment | 364 per 1000 | 304 per 1000 (14 to 584) | RD −0.06 (−0.35 to 0.22) | 42 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Language impairment | 571 per 1000 | 451 per 1000 (141 to 751) | RD −0.12 (−0.43 to 0.18) | 41 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
Neurodevelopmental impairment | 435 per 1000 | 305 per 1000 (15 to 585) | RD −0.13 (−0.42 to 0.15) | 43 (1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low | |
