Fig. 1: Flowchart of study cohort and outcomes.

Neonates aged less than 32 weeks gestation, without congenital malformation, and who had cranial imaging obtained within 28 days of birth were included in the analysis. The analysis was further restricted to neonates with IVH detected on cranial imaging, severe IVH on cranial imaging, and those with treatment (temporary, permanent, or both) for PHH.