Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression model-risk factors for PHH treatment or infant death.

Maternal characteristics

Maternal race/Ethnicity

0.0014

 Race asian/Pacific Islander vs. Hispanic

1.150 (0.878–1.507)

 Black vs. Hispanic

1.131 (0.894–1.431)

 Other vs. Hispanic

1.025 (0.675–1.557)

 Non-Hispanic White vs. Hispanic

1.570 (1.271–1.940)

 Multiple births or gestation

1.265 (1.047–1.529)

0.0150

 Cesarean delivery

1.500 (1.261–1.783)

0.002

 Antenatal magnesium sulfate Yes vs. No

0.766 (0.651–0.901)

0.0013

Infant characteristics

 Female sex

0.840 (0.716–0.986)

0.0330

Gestational age, weeks

 22–<24 vs. 30–<32

11.318 (7.563–16.937)

<0.0001

 24−<26 vs. 30-<32

6.049 (4.156–8.804)

 26−<28 vs. 30−<32

3.476 (2.367–5.104)

 28−<30 vs. 30−<32

1.848 (1.220–2.798)

Birth location, outborn

1.682 (1.383–2.046)

0.014

Early postnatal characteristics

Delivery room interventions

 CPR: Cardiac compression or epinephrine

1.600 (1.270–2.015)

<0.0001

 Hypothermic (<36 °C)

1.670 (1.264–2.207)

0.0003

 Patent ductus arteriosus

0.524 (0.437–0.629)

<0.0001

 NSAID exposure

0.649 (0.535–0.787)

<0.0001

Birth hospital characteristics

 CPQCC region

<0.0001

 1 vs. 11

2.707 (1.779–4.115)

 2 vs. 11

1.070 (0.747–1.534)

 3 vs. 11

1.361 (0.958–1.934)

 4 vs. 11

1.644 (1.116–2.423)

 5 vs. 11

1.403 (1.027–1.919)

 6 vs. 11

1.489 (1.106–2.005)

 7 vs. 11

1.271 (0.814–1.985)

 8 vs. 11

1.025 (0.741–1.416)

 9 vs. 11

2.410 (1.618–3.591)

 10 vs. 11

1.552 (1.038–2.320)

AAP level NICU (2016 designation)

0.0010

 II vs. IV

0.548 (0.371–0.810)

 III vs. IV

0.695 (0.570–0.847)