Fig. 4: Inkjet printing patterning based on perovskite precursor inks.

a Schematics showing the process of inkjet printing on ITO substrates and a PD array consisting of 25 pixels and the electrode–gap–electrode lateral structure of a single pixel. Reproduced with permission⁸⁴, Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b Energy level diagram and working principle of a hybrid perovskite microwire PD. Reproduced with permission⁸⁴, Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. c Diagram of the inkjet printing strategy. Reproduced with permission⁸⁵, Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. d Optical images of printed perovskite QD patterns with red, green, and blue colors. Reproduced with permission⁸⁵, Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. e Schematic of perovskite transformation from CsPbX₃ ink to a CsPbX₃ nanocrystal. The inset is the crystal structure of mixed halide perovskites. Reproduced with permission⁸⁶, Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. f Schematic of the experimental setup for the electrohydrodynamic printing system. The inset shows the enlarged Taylor cone. Reproduced with permission⁸⁶, Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. g Typical photoluminescence images of the electrohydrodynamic printed microscale line arrays of an apple tree and a butterfly using three-color perovskite. Reproduced with permission⁸⁶, Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. h Schematic of the preparation of quasi-2D perovskite composite sheets by inkjet printing. Reproduced with permission⁸⁷, Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Weinheim. i Inkjet printing of the CsPbBr₃/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite ink. Reproduced with permission⁸⁸, Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. j Inkjet-printed, fluorescent CsPbBr₃/polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite patterns with dot-constructed microarrays. Reproduced with permission⁸⁸, Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society