Fig. 3
From: Challenges and opportunities in next-generation LED therapeutic devices
Advanced strategies to address challenges in clinical applications of phototherapy. a Enhance the uniform illumination of phototherapy via OLED60, micro-LED31, diffuser layer62, and optical lens19 technologies. b Achieving miniaturization of the overall device through effective integrated circuits52, flexible materials34, and modular design. c By selecting biocompatible materials, employing appropriate encapsulation strategies, ensuring the mechanical compatibility of flexible phototherapy devices with tissues, and optimizing energy supply solutions, the implantability of phototherapy devices can be enhanced (the image for structural design is reprinted with permission75. Copyright 2023, Nonferrous Metals Society of China. The image for active refrigeration is reprinted with permission76 under Creative Common CC BY license. Copyright 2022, John Wiley & Sons). d Realizing theranostic integration by monitoring relevant electrochemical79, spectroscopic67,140,163, and bioelectric signals80. e Employing AI to intelligently integrate detection information and output suitable phototherapy parameters57. Figure 3, created with BioRender.com, released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license
