Fig. 1: Overview of low-dimensional materials for intracellular electrophysiology.
The central schematic illustrates the critical cell–electrode interface, wherein 3D nanoelectrodes achieve intimate coupling with cells to enable high-fidelity recording. The pipeline begins with the synthesis of diverse low-dimensional materials that serve as core functional units, including iridium oxide (IrOx) nanotubes75, kinked nanowires58, silicon (Si) nanowires65, nanobranches77, nanotemplate electrodes76, and nanocrown electrodes101. These materials are subsequently integrated into devices using top-down or hybrid fabrication strategies, such as 3D flexible nanoscale field-effect transistors (FETs)58, vertical nanowire electrode arrays65, CMOS nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs)102, 3D transistor arrays70, nanotemplate electrode arrays76, and nanocrown devices43. To ensure reliable performance, these platforms undergo comprehensive characterization and employ strategies for intracellular access, including spontaneous internalization, electroporation, and optoporation. Collectively, these advances have culminated in powerful biomedical applications, particularly in drug screening and disease modeling
