Fig. 4: Functional association between the brain and heart. | Molecular Psychiatry

Fig. 4: Functional association between the brain and heart.

From: Central-peripheral neuroimmune dynamics in psychological stress and depression: insights from current research

Fig. 4

Cardiovascular function is regulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The heart’s β1-adrenoreceptors receive cortisol from the adrenal cortex and norepinephrine from synaptic connections. Cardiovascular activity is also influenced by immune cells from the spleen and bone marrow, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone from the kidneys, and catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. Additionally, acetylcholine signaling from the peripheral nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac function. The illustration was created using resources from Biorender.com.

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