Table 1 Baseline and population characteristics of included studies.
Author | Year | Country | Design | Population | Sample Size | Groups | Mean Age (years) | Male (%) | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caliskan et al. | 2023 | Turkey | Retrospective Cohort | Patients diagnosed with PAD/healthy controls | 440 | PAD: 211 Control: 229 | PAD: 69.41 ± 10.61 Control: 51.79 ± 15.15 | PAD: 75.4 Control: 49.8 | The TyG index levels were significantly higher in the peripheral artery disease group than in the control group (9.19 ± 0.57 vs. 8.80 ± 0.59; p < 0.001). TyG index (OR = 1.111, 95% CI = 1.083–1.139; p < 0.001) was independent predictor of peripheral artery disease. TyG index had predictive ability for PAD (sensitivity: 57.8%, specificity: 70%, AUC: 0.689). |
Chiu et al. | 2020 | Taiwan | Retrospective cross-sectional | Patients with T2DM | 1990 | Q1 of TyG (<8.7): 497 Q2 of TyG (≥8.7, <9.1): 499 Q3 of TyG (≥9.1, <9.5): 495 Q4 of TyG (≥9.5): 499 | Q1: 64.4 ± 12.1 Q2: 64.7 ± 10.5 Q3: 64.1 ± 11.4 Q4: 63.1 ± 11.2 | Q1: 45.9 Q2: 46.1 Q3: 38.6 Q4: 41.5 | There was no significant trend in stepwise increases in peripheral artery occlusive disease corresponding to the TyG quartiles (p for trend: 0.223). |
Çora et al. | 2021 | Turkey | Retrospective Cohort | Hospitalized patients diagnosed with PAD categorized based on GLASS classification | 200 | Moderate PAD (G1): 58 Severe PAD (G2): 142 | 25–90 years old Moderate PAD:67.09 ± 9.22 Severe PAD: 68.47 ± 11.42 | Moderate PAD: 93.1 Severe PAD: 83.8 | The TyG was higher in severe PAD group compared to the moderate PAD group (8.96 ± 0.54 vs 9.21 ± 0.61; p = 0.04). |
Gao et al. | 2021 | United States | Prospective Cohort | General population free of a history of PAD | 9097 (analysed) | Q1 of TyG: 3080 Q2 of TyG: 3080 Q3 of TyG: 3080 Q4 of TyG: 3080 | Q1:53.1 ± 5.7 Q2: 54.2 ± 5.7 Q3: 54.7 ± 5.7 Q4: 55.1 ± 5.7 | Q1: 37.4 Q2: 43.1 Q3: 50.1 Q4: 54.4 | One SD incraese in TyG level was associated with 11.9% increase in incident PAD (HR 1.119, 95% CI 1.049–1.195). The risk of incident PAD increased with increasing quartiles of TyG index [quartiles 1–4: 222 (7.2%) vs. 278 (9.0%) vs. 359 (11.7%) vs. 441 (14.3%); P < 0.001]. Compared to Q1, Q3 and Q4 had significantly higher hazard of incident PAD in fully adjusted model. |
Guo et al. | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | Participants participated in a comprehensive health examination without any related diseases | 13,706 | Q1 of TyG: 3473 Q2 of TyG: 3380 Q3 of TyG: 3458 Q4 of TyG: 3395 | Q1:47.12 ± 10.45 Q2:49.86 ± 9.71 Q3:50.46 ± 9.80 Q4:50.24 ± 9.37 | Q1: 35.2 Q2: 51.3 Q3: 61.9 Q4: 74.7 | The age-adjusted mean baPWV significantly increased with increasing quartiles of the TyG index in the overall population (1230.31 ± 234.02 vs. 1316.48 ± 238.39 vs. 1363.55 ± 247.60 vs. 1427.39 ± 246.14 cm/s, P < 0.001). The TyG index was found to be an independent risk factor for high baPWV in all participants (OR = 1.514, 95%CI 1.371–1.672, P < 0.001). AUC for prediction of high baPWV using the TyG index was 0.708 in women (sensitivity 70.4%, specificity 60.4%) and 0.580 in men. |
Ji et al. | 2022 | China | Cross-sectional | Participants from an atherosclerosis cohort without PAD history | 6015 | T1 of TyG (<8.52): 2001 T2 of TyG (≥8.52, <9.01): 2009 T3 of TyG (≥9.01): 2005 | T1:62.37 ± 8.18 T2:62.63 ± 7.43 T3:62.05 ± 7.14 | T1:35.33 T2:31.81 T3:35.81 | Per 1 unit increment in TyG index, baPWV increased by 58.36 cm/s (95% CI 45.83, 70.89, p < 0.001). baPWV= T1:1,617.64 ± 321.55/T2:1,677.87 ± 328.78/T3:1,744.86 ± 344.67). Also, the odds of baPWV ≥ 1800 cm/s increased with increase in TyG index. |
Karaduman et al. | 2020 | Turkey | Retrospective Cohort | Patients with PAD that underwent percutaneous peripheral intervention | 71 | G1:TASC A-B: 40 G2:TASC C–D: 31 | Total: 63.3 ± 9.7 G1:63.6 ± 9.3 G2: 62.0 ± 8.6 | Total: 93 G1: 95 G2: 90.3 | Patients with TASC C–D had significantly higher TyG levels, compared with TASC A-B (18209.4 ± 20873.9 vs. 9019.8 ± 6096.8, p = 0.011). The TyG index is an independent predictor of peripheral artery disease complexity. |
Lee et al. | 2018 | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Participants who participated in a comprehensive health examination without any related diseases or triglyceride levels (>400 mg/dL) | 3587 | Q1 of TyG: 897 Q2 of TyG: 896 Q3 of TyG: 898 Q4 of TyG: 896 | Q1:49.91 ± 9.83 Q2:52.88 ± 8.99 Q3:53.30 ± 8.77 Q4:52.03 ± 8.68 | Q1: 31.9 Q2: 48.3 Q3: 66.9 Q4: 82.7 | baPWV was positively associated with increasing TyG quartiles.age-adjusted mean baPWV where Q1 = 1308.9, Q2 = 1338.4, Q3 = 1352.9, and Q4 = 1387.7 cm/s (P < 0.01). |
Li et al. | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | Participants were adults aged 18 years and older who had hypertension, or who were on antihypertensive medications. | 4718 | Q1 of TyG: 1180 Q2 of TyG: 1179 Q3 of TyG: 1179 Q4 of TyG: 1180 | Q1:66.93 ± 9.38 Q2: 65.30 ± 9.48 Q3: 63.86 ± 9.16 Q4: 61.56 ± 9.07 | Q1:64.83 Q2:49.87 Q3:41.82 Q4:42.37 | Per 1 unit increment in TyG index, baPWV is changed in 1.02 m/s (95% CI 0.83, 1.20). Q2, Q3, and Q4 of TyG index had significantly higher rate of elevated baPWV, compared to Q1. |
Liu et al. | 2022 | United States | Cross-sectional | General population who underwent the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between the periods of 1999 and 2004 | 3125 | Q1 of TyG: 781 Q2 of TyG: 780 Q3 of TyG: 780 Q4 of TyG: 784 | Total: 59.9 ± 12.9 Q1: 56.9 ± 13.2 Q2:60.3 ± 13.3 Q3: 61.5 ± 12.4 Q4: 60.8 ± 11.9 | Total: 51.5 Q1:44.2 Q2:52.7 Q3:50.3 Q4:58.7 | TyG index was significantly associated with the higher risk of PAD, which could be a marker of PAD (PAD = Q1:4.9/ Q2:6.5/ Q3:7.0/ Q4:10.4). In fully adjusted model, Q4 had higher presence of PAD, compared with Q1 1.74 (1.02–3.01); P = .044). |
Nakagomi et al. | 2019 | Japan | Cross-sectional | Non-industrial workers who were aged between 25 and 55 years without any history of TG levels > 400 mg/dl or related diseases | 2818 | Men: 1720 Women: 1098 | Men: 38.8 ± 10.1 Women: 39.1 ± 9.4 | 61% | All IR surrogate markers have a good predictive capability for high baPWV in relation with HOMA-IR. However, their relation with baPWV differed by sex, in contrast to the no significant sex difference in relation between HOMA-IR and baPWV. 1-SD increase in TyG index was associated with high baPWV (men 1.40 (1.24– 1.58) p < 0.01, women 1.78 (1.45–2.17) p < 0.01). |
Ning et al. | 2024 | China | Retrospective Cohort | Diabetic patients aged 18 or older with no acute complication of diabetes with and without lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) | 1040 | LEAD: 168 No LEAD: 872 | Total: 59.2 ± 12.92 LEAD: 63.77 ± 14.90 No LEAD: 58.32 ± 12.32 | Total: 56.63 LEAD: 39.88 No LEAD: 59.86 | Increases in TyG index values were associated with the risk of LEAD in patients with diabetes (OR 3.92, 95% CI: 2.92–5.26, p < 0.001). Patients with LEAD had significantly higher TyG levels, compared with no LEAD group (9.94 ± 0.78 vs 9.36 ± 0.70; p < 0.001). |
Pala et al. | 2021 | Turkey | Retrospective Cohort | Patients who were diagnosed with PAD | 296 | Group 1:Patients who were in Categories 0, 1, 2 and 3 according to the Rutherford Classification: 224 Group 2:Patients who were in Categories 4, 5 and 6 according to the Rutherford Classification: 72 | G1:65.30 ± 9.10 G2:67.65 ± 8.14 | G1:72.8 G2:75 | The mean TyG index values that were calculated in Group 2 were significantly higher than in Group 1 (9.27 ± 0.31 vs. 9.00 ± 0.34, p < 0.001). TyG index was predictor of chronic limb-threatening ischemia development (OR: 5.796, 95% CI: 2.050–16.382, p = 0.001). |
Pan et al. | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who were hospitalized | 4721 | Quartiles of TyG | Total: 59.56 ± 13.02 Male: 57.06 ± 13.54 Female:62.45 ± 11.74 | 53.60 | The higher TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of ABI < 0.9 (OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.14–1.76) and baPWV > 1800 cm/s (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.21-1.57). |
Su et al. | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | Persons aged from 60 to 95 years | 2035 | Q1 of TyG: 509 Q2 of TyG: 508 Q3 of TyG: 509 Q4 of TyG: 509 | Q1: 71.70 ± 7.12 Q2: 71.68 ± 7.01 Q3: 71.13 ± 6.67 Q4: 70.75 ± 6.15 | Q1: 50.06 Q2: 57.79 Q3: 63.65 Q4: 67.91 | Age-adjusted baPWV presented an increasing trend according to TyG index quartiles. Means (95% CIs) of age-adjusted baPWV of different TyG groups (Quartile1–4) were 1,953 (1,919, 1,988), 1,966 (1,932, 2,001), 1,984 (1,950, 2,018), and 2,089 (2,055, 2,124) cm/s, respectively (P < 0.001). Q4 of TyG had significantly higher odds of high baPWV, compared to Q1 (1.78 (1.12, 2.81), p = 0.019). |
Wang et al. | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | Patients with type 2 diabetes | 3185 | T1 of TyG: 1061 T2 of TyG: 1062 T3 of TyG: 1062 | T1: 56.04 ± 11.76 T2: 55.47 ± 11.65 T3: 52.26 ± 12.18 | T1: 59.10 T2: 60.08 T3: 64.88 | TyG index had strong associations with baPWV and each one-unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 1.40-fold (95% CI 1.16–1.70, P < 0.001) higher prevalence of increased arterial stiffness. T2 and T3 of TyG index had significant associations with arterial stiffness, compared to T1 (OR 1.40 (1.06, 1.83) and 1.49 (1.09, 2.04), p = 0.017 and p = 0.013, respectively). |
Wu et al. | 2021 | China | Prospective Cohort | General population | 6028 | Q1 of TyG (6.81–8.10) Q2 of TyG (8.10–8.52) Q3 of TyG (8.52–9.02) Q4 of TyG (8.52–9.02) | Q1: 43.6 ± 11.0 Q2: 47.0 ± 12.1 Q3: 49.3 ± 12.9 Q4: 48.1 ± 12.4 | Q1: 32.2 Q2: 49.7 Q3: 60.2 Q4: 69.0 | Each one-unit increment of TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s change in baPWV (95% CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) each one unit increase in the TyG index was responsible for a 0.29 percent/year increment in the average growth rate of baPWV after adjusting for all covariates (95% CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001). Q3 and Q4 of TyG had significantly higher hazard of arterial stiffness, compared to Q1 (p < 0.001). |
Wu et al. | 2021 | China | Prospective Cohort | Prehypertensive or hypertensive participants | 1895 | Hypertension: 1013 Prehypertension: 882 | 61.90 ± 12.75 | 77.9 | There was a linear and positive association between TyG index and baPWV change, change rate and slope. In fully-adjusted model, one unit increase in TyG was associated with 149.6 cm/s increase in baPWV change, a 40.4 cm/s/year increase in the baPWV change rate, and a 34.9 cm/s increase in the baPWV slope. This association was more dominant in hypertensive population. |
Yan et al. | 2022 | China | Prospective Cohort | General population | 2480 | Q1 of TyG (5.71–8.14): 620 Q2 of TyG (8.14–8.49): 620 Q3 of TyG (8.49–8.90): 620 Q4 of TyG (8.90–12.31): 620 | Q1: 42.8 (39.7, 44.9) Q2: 42.8 (39.4, 44.9) Q3: 43.1 (39.9, 45) Q4: 42.6 (40, 44.8) | Q1: 38.1 Q2: 48.2 Q3: 59.7 Q4: 71.9 | Each one-unit increment in TyG index was associated with a 37.1 cm/s increase (95% CI, 23.7–50.6 cm/s; P < 0.05) in baPWV. compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index, the third and highest quartile of TyG index were significantly associated with a 38.4 cm/s (95% CI 17.2–59.7 cm/s; P < 0.05) and 67.3 (95% CI 42.8–91.8 cm/s; P < 0.05) increase in baPWV. High-increasing TyG trajectory had significantly higher odds of high baPWV, compared with low-stable in the fully adjusted model (OR 2.76 (1.40, 7.54), p = 0.037). |
Yang et al. | 2022 | China | Cross-sectional | General population | 912 | T1 of TyG (<7.96): 304 T2 of TyG (7.96–8.57): 304 T3 of TyG (>8.57): 304 | T1:50.7 ± 10.1 T2:51.6 ± 9.4 T3:51.1 ± 9.2 | T1:42.1 T2:66.8 T3:85.9 | Participants in the third group of TyG have a higher baPWV than the other groups (TyG= T1:7.6 ± 0.3/T2:8.3 ± 0.2/T3:9.0 ± 0.4 ~ baPWV= T1:1350.7 ± 226.1/T2:1424.5 ± 234.6/T3:1472.1 ± 262.0) |
Zhang et al. | 2024 | China | Cross-sectional | General population | 1979 | Arterial stiffness: 414 Non-Arterial stiffness: 1565 | Arterial stiffness:70 Non-Arterial stiffness:58 | Arterial stiffness:36.47 Non-Arterial stiffness:36.10 | ORs (95% CIs) for arterial stiffness were 1.00 (reference), 1.57 (1.04–2.37), 1.91 (1.25–2.92), and 2.73 (1.75–4.26) across TyG quartiles (P for trend < 0.001). |
Zhao et al. | 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | Individuals aged older than 65 | 2830 | Quartiles of TyG | Male: 71.3 ± 6.1 Female:71.7 ± 6.4 | 44.50% | TyG index levels in Q4 (fourth quartile) were associated with an increased OR for ba-PWV > 1800 cm/s (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.05–1.84, p < 0.001), but not ABI < 0.9 (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.75–1.63, p < 0.001), |
