Table 1 Summary of the prospective studies evaluating the association of baseline TMAO with incident diabetes.
From: TMAO and diabetes: from the gut feeling to the heart of the problem
Study | Type of diabetes | Study population | Mean follow-up duration | TMAO association with incident diabetes risk | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Svingen et al. [67] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals with suspected stable angina pectoris | 7.5 years | No association | TMAO correlated positively with HOMA2-IR. |
Friedrich et al. [69] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals | 5 years | Higher risk in women: ROCAUC = 0.903; No association in men | Sex differences |
Papandreou et al. [70] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease | 3.8 years | Lower risk (HR = 0.52) | |
Li et al. [65] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals in middle-aged and older adults | 8.9 years | Higher risk (HR = 1.42) | TMAO was associated with fasting glucose but not with HbA1c, insulin or HOMA-IR. |
Lemaitre et al. [68] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease | 12.1 years | No association | TMAO was associated with fasting insulin. |
Huang et al. [66] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals aged above 35 years | 1.85 years | Higher risk (OR = 8.68) | Both initial serum TMAO levels and long-term serum TMAO changes were associated with incident T2D. |
Sawicki et al. [78] | Type 2 diabetes | Nondiabetic individuals; two cohorts | 3 years and 6 years for different cohorts | No association | TMAO was associated with higher fasting glucose. |
Li et al. [72] | GDM | Nondiabetic pregnant women, diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) | 4–12 weeks | Higher risk (OR = 1.22) |
