Table 2 Possible causes of fetal intracerebral hemorrhage.
From: Fetal intracerebral hemorrhage: review of the literature and practice considerations
Category | Examples |
|---|---|
Genetic disorders | COL4A1 COL4A2 COLGALT1 CTC1 CTSA FOXC1 HTRA1 MPL NOTCH3 TREX1 |
Infection | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Parvorvirus Toxoplasmosis Zika Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) |
Autoantibody | Fetal and neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) |
Vascular malformations | Vein of Galen Malformation Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia PHACE Syndrome (Posterior fossa anomalies, Hemangioma, Arterial anomalies, Cardiac anomalies, and Eye anomalies) |
Secondary to venous thrombosis | Fetal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis or fetal dural sinus thrombosis |
Secondary to arterial ischemia | |
Germinal matrix hemorrhage | Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) |
Maternal trauma | Motor vehicle accident |
Coagulopathies | Von Willebrand Factor |
Pharmacologic/Toxic | Drugs of abuse Warfarin |
Idiopathic |
