Table 1 Sleep wake cycling in infants with congenital heart diseases.
Reference | Sample size | Age at birth | Age at surgery/EEG | Type of CHD | Method of monitoring | SWC preoperative | SWC postoperative | Neurocognitive outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Claessens et al.97 | 76 | >36 PMA, no genetic disorders or multiple congenital anomalies | Neonatal period (surgery) | CHD with neonatal surgery with CPB | aEEG, 6 h before surgery, ≥ 36 h after surgery, additionally in 29 neonates shortly after birth | 48% normal SWC preoperative 34% normal SWC within 24 h after birth | 29% normal SWC within 48 h | no association between lack of recovery of SWC and new brain injury in MRI |
Gui et al.95 | 103 | ≥PMA 37, no genetic abnormalities | mean age of 1.4 months (surgery) | CHD with surgery within 3 months | aEEG, ≥ 24 h 1 -2 days before and 3 – 7 days after surgery | 60% normal SWC | 16% better SWC 68% no change 17% worse SWC | – |
Gunn et al.102 | 150 | ≥PMA 36, no genetic abnormalities associated with impaired neurodevelopment | mean age of 7 days (surgery) | CHD with surgery before 2 months | aEEG, 1 h preoperative, intra- and 72 h postoperative | – | 79% SWC within 72 h (median 21 h) | Association between delayed SWC recovery and increased mortality and worse BSID-III scores at 2 years |
Hermans et al.93 | 15 CHD 24 controls | ≥36 PMA, no genetic malformation syndrome | 1-6 days of age (preoperative recordings), 7-16 days (postoperative recordings, after intensive care period) | 8 d-TGA vs 7 other CHD vs 24 healthy neonates | cEEG, calculation of Functional Brain Age (FBA) based on the distribution of quiet sleep and non-quiet sleep | FBA 37.2 weeks (d-TGA), FBA 39.3 weeks (non-TGA CHD), FBA 38.2 weeks (controls) | No differences in FBA between CHD and controls | Association between FBA delay and lower BSID-III motor scores at 2 years |
Latal et al.100 | 60 | mean PMA 39.45 (30.6-41.9), no genetic comorbidity or suspected syndromic disorder | mean age of 10 days (surgery) | CHD with CPB surgery within 3 months | aEEG, 12 h pre- and 48 h postoperative | 92% normal SWC | 71% return to normal SWC | lack of return to SWC predicted poorer IQ at 4 years but not motor outcome |
Mebius et al.101 | 72 | ≥36 PMA | first 72 h after birth (aEEG) | prenatally diagnosed CHD | aEEG, ≥ 24 h | 95% normal SWC within 36 h 97% normal SWC within 72 h | – | – |
Mulkey et al.98 | 24 | ≥36 PMA, no major genetic syndrome | aEEG after birth (mean 0.71 days) | CHD with surgery in first 30 days | aEEG, 24 h | 33% SWC at least half of the recording 50% SWC at some point | – | Preoperative MRI: no association between SWC and brain injury. Of 8 infants with brain atrophy only 1 with SWC |
Padiyar et al.99 | 77 | ≥36 PMA, no genetic disorders or multiple congenital anomalies | median age of 6 days (surgery) | CHD with CPB surgery within first 6 months of life | cEEG preoperative, 72 h postoperative | 87% normal SWC | 28% normal SWC immediate post-operative, 33% normal SWC 24 h postoperative | – |
Ter Horst et al.109 | 62 | ≥36 PMA | aEEG at mean 7.5 h after starting prostaglandin infusion | 24 cyanotic CHD, 38 acyanotic CHD | aEEG, 72 h | 58% normal SWC, no difference between acyanotic and cyanotic, SWC more frequent in CoA than in HLHS (92% vs 48%) | – | – |
